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تجميعات مهمه بليز ادخلووووو

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  • تجميعات مهمه بليز ادخلووووو

    هذا تجميعات مهمه كلي الجميع يستفيد منها وحتى الطلاب الي عندهم اختبار هيئة راح يستفيد منهها.......



    1-parasites causing
    external autoinfection only:


    1- Entrobius. 2- Entamoebahistolytica. 3- Balantidiumcoli.


    4- Giardia .





    2-parasites causing internal autoinfection only:


    * Capillariaphlippinensis.





    3-parasites causing both external & internal autoinfection:


    1- Hymenolepis nana.
    2- Taenia solium. 3-
    Strongyloides.


    4- Cryptosporidium.






    Parasites causing anaemia ?





    1-Microcytic hypochromic anaemia ( iron
    deficiency anaemia) :


    *Mechanism: repeted blood loss → depletion of iron stores
    by bone marrow.





    e.g, 1- Schistosoma haematobium (terminal haematuria)


    2- Schistosoma mansoni & S. japonicum (
    dysentery & bleeding intestinal polyps).


    3- Hookworms
    “ Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator” ( suction of blood by worms
    & bleeding from previous sites of attachment).


    4- Trichuris
    & Trichostrongylus “heavy infection” (suction of


    blood by worms).





    2-Macrocytic hyperchromic anaemia (megaloblastic) :





    e.g, 1- Diphyllobothrium latum ( consumption
    of Vit. B12).


    2- Trichuris ( toxic effect on bone marrow).





    3- Haemolytic anaemia:


    1- Plasmodium spp.


    2- Babesia microti & B.
    divergens.


    3- S. mansoni & Plasmodium ( hypersplenism).


    4- African trypanosomes & P.
    falciparum ( autoimmune haemolysis).





    Aplastic anaemia :


    1-
    Leishmania donovani.


    2-
    African trypanosomes.















    • Snail as an intermediate host for Trematoda ?





    Snail
    :


    Intermediate
    host for:


    1-
    Lymnaea cailliaudi.

    2-
    Lymnaea truncatula.

    3-
    Pirenella conica.

    4-
    Biomphalaria.

    5-
    Bulinus.

    6-
    Semisulcospira.

    Fasciola gigantica.

    Fasciola hepatica.

    Heterophyes.

    Schistosoma mansoni.

    Schistosoma haematobium.

    Schistosoma japonicum.







    Role of snail as an intermediate host :





    * In all Trematoda : Egg hatches in water → miracidium
    penetrates the snail→ develops to
    sporocyst → redia →
    cercaria.





    * Except in : 1- Heterophyes : egg is
    swallowed by snail where hatching occurs.



    2- Schistosoma
    : No redia stage inside the snail.






    • Ectopic lesions caused by Flukes (Trematoda) ?


    ·
    Ectopic lesion :
    lesion caused by Trematode adult or egg away from its
    normal habitat.


    І- Ectopic lesions
    by adult fluke:


    1- Fasciola:
    Encysted metacercaria may reach skin , gastric; caecal or colonic wall →
    develop to immature flukes.


    2- Paragonimus:
    Young flukes may migrate from the lung to liver ; spleen; lymph
    nodes; genitalia ; muscles; intestinal wall or skin → cysts containing
    adult worms.


    ІІ- Ectopic
    lesions by egg:


    1- Heterophyes : Egg may reach blood &
    passes as emboli to :


    A- Brain: → cerebral infarction or haemorrage.


    B- Lung: → pulmonary embolism.


    C- Heart: → myocarditis .


    2- Schistosomes : Egg may reach :


    A- Brain: → cerebral infarction “ common in S. japonicum”.


    B-
    Spinal cord : →
    paraplegia.


    C-
    Lung: → bilharzial core pulmonale.






    • Parasites causing myositis ? ( 5 T)


    1- Tissue cestodes:



    ·
    Cysticercosis ( cysticercus
    cellulosae of Taenia solium).


    ·
    Sparganosis ( sparganum of Spirometra).


    ·
    Coenurosis ( coenurus cerebralis
    of Multicepis).


    ·
    Hydatid disease ( hydatid cyst of Echinococcus).


    2- Trichinella spiralis.


    3- Toxocara canis (visceral larva migrans).


    4- Toxoplasma gondii.


    5- Trypanosoma cruzi.


    • Parasites causing appendicitis ?


    1- Ascaris (erratic worms).


    2- Entrobius.


    3- Trichuris.


    4- Entamoeba histolytica.


    5- Balantidium coli.









    • Parasites that can be detected in urine ?


    1-
    Schistosoma haematobium eggs.


    2-
    Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria.


    3-
    Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite.


    4-
    Hydatid
    sand (ruptured renal hydatid cyst).


    5-
    Toxocara canis larva
    (visceral larva migrans).


    6-
    Entrobius eggs &
    adult females (ectopic lesion).


    7-
    Larvae
    (maggots) of Sarcophaga; Musca & Fannia (urogenital myiasis).






    • Parasites that can be detected in CSF ?





    І- Helminths : ( Nematode
    larvae)


    1- Toxocara canis
    larva (visceral larva migrans).


    2- Trichinella
    spiralis larva (migration stage).


    3-Strongyloides filariform larva ( in disseminated hyperinfection
    syndrome in immunosuppression).


    ІІ- Protozoa :


    1- Naegleria fowleri trophozoites (amoeboid form).


    2- Trypanosoma gambiense & T.
    rhodesiense in cerebral invasion stage ( trypomastigote
    form).


    3- Toxoplasma tachyzoites (inimmunosuppression).












    • Parasites that can inhabit biliary passages & gall bladder ?





    1-
    Fasciola
    gigantica & F. hepatica adult.


    2-
    Ascaris
    (erratic worms).


    3-
    Giardia
    trophozoites.


    4-
    Cryptosporidium
    (inimmunosuppression
    ).


    • Filariform larva is the infective stage of some nematodes; enumerate them
    & mention mode of infection in each.





    1-
    Ancylostoma duodenale ( skin penetration –
    transmammary).


    2-
    Necator ( skin penetration).


    3-
    Strongyloides ( skin penetration – external & internal
    autoinfection).


    4-
    Ancylostoma braziliensis ; A. caninum & non-human Strongyloides → cutaneous
    larva migrans( skin penetration).


    5-
    Filaria (skin penetration through insect bite) e.g;


    *Wuchereria bancrofti...........................Culex.


    *Brugyia malayi…………………………..Mansonia.


    *Loa loa………………………………….Chrysops.


    *Onchocerca volvulus…………………Simulium.


    *Mansonella ozzardi& M.perstans.....Culicoides.


    6- Trichostrongylus ( ingestion of filariform larva
    with raw vegetables).


    7- Dracunculus
    medinensis(ingestion of filariform larva within Cyclops).















    • Loffler’s syndrome : “definition, causative parasites; C/P & diagnosis” ?





    *definition: It is verminous pneumonitis caused by
    migrating larvae of some helminths.


    * causative parasites:


    1-
    Schistosomes.


    2-
    Ascaris.


    3-
    Hookworms ( Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator).


    4-
    Strongyloides.


    * C/P: fever; cough; expectoration; haemoptysis &
    eosinophilia.


    * diagnosis:


    1-
    Chest X- ray: milliary opacities in the lung.


    2-
    Sputum examination : larvae &
    Charcot – Leyden crystals.


    3-
    Blood examination :
    eosinophilia.






    • Parasites infecting man through meat consumption:







    Type of meat



    Parasite name/disease



    Infective stage


    1- Beef



    Taenia saginata



    Cysticercus bovis.






    2- Pork.









    • Taenia solium



    •Trichinella spiralis



    •Toxoplasma





    Cysticercus cellulosae.



    Encysted larva.



    Tissue cyst “containing
    trophozoites”.


    3- Fish.













    • Heterophyes



    •Paragonimus



    •D. latum



    •Capillaria
    phleppinensis

















    Encysted metacercaria.



    Encysted metacercaria.



    Plerocercoid.



    Infective larva.


    4- Frog.

    Spirometra mansoni→

    sparganosis. adult.

    Sparganum larva.


    5- Liver.

    Halzoun

    Viable Fasciola adult.








    • Mention sex modes
    of infection by parasites with examples;





    1- Ingestion : (Oral route)e.g;


    ·
    Ascaris “ ingestion
    of raw vegetables contaminated with embryonated egg”.


    ·
    Oxyuris “ soiled
    fingers”.


    2- skin penetration : e.g;


    ·
    Direct skin
    penetration: as Schistosomes
    “ through skin penetration with furcocercous cercaria”.


    ·
    Through insect bite :
    e.g; Filaria; Leishmania & Plasmodium.


    3-
    Blood transfusion :
    e.g; Plasmodium & Babesia.


    5- Congenital
    “Transplacental “: e.g; Toxoplasma &
    Trypanosomes.


    6- Sexual : e.g;
    Trichomonas vaginalis.














    • Parasites that can be detected in blood film ?


    І- Helminths :


    1- Strongyloides filariform larva ( in disseminated hyperinfection in
    immunosuppression).


    2- Trichinella larva ( during migration stage).


    3- Microfilaria of :


    * Wuchereria bancrofti.


    * Brugyia malayi.


    * Loa loa .


    * Mansonella persitans & ozzardi


    ІІ- Protozoa :





    1-
    Plasmodium & Babesia.


    2-
    Trypanosoma gambiense & T. rhodesiense.


    3-
    Trypanosoma cruzi.


    4-
    Leishmania donovani & L. infantum.


    5-
    Toxoplasma .





















    • Parasites that may cause pruritus ani “Perianal itching”:


    1- Entrobius (migrating
    female worms & egg deposition at the
    perianal skin).


    2- Taenia saginata (passage of
    gravid segment through the anus).


    3- Ascaris (allergic reaction due to passage of adult worm through
    the anus).


    4- Strongyloides ( externally
    autoinfective filariform larvae → larva currens).









    • Parasites that may affect brain :





    І- Helminths:


    1- Schistosoma japonicum eggs.


    2- Heterophyes eggs.


    3- Cysticercus cellulosae (cysticercosis).


    4- Hydatid cyst.


    5- Sparganum of Spirometra
    (sparganosis).


    6- Coenurus cerebralis of Multiceps
    (coenurosis).


    7- Larvae of nematodes :


    A-
    Ascaris larva (visceral larva
    migrans – like symptoms→meningism)


    B-
    Toxocara canis larva (visceral
    larva migrans).


    C-
    Trichinella larva (migration
    stage).


    D-
    Strongyloides filariform larva (
    disseminated hyperinfection in immunosuppression).


    8- Loa loa (heavy infection
    after DEC therapy →meningoencephalitis).


    ІІ- Protozoa:


    1- Entamoeba histolytica (amoebic brain abscess).


    2- Naegleria (PAM).


    3- Acanthamoeba
    (GAE).


    4- Trypanosoma gambiense & T. rhodesiense (sleeping sickness).


    5- Trypanosoma cruzi (meningoencephalitis).


    6- Plasmodium falciparum (cerebral malaria).


    7- Toxoplasma (encephalitis).





    ІІІ- Arthropods:


    *
    Chrysomyia larvae (causing aural myiasis) may reach the brain.























    • Parasites causing hyperpigmentation of
    skin (3V):


    1- Onchocerca volvulus (Sowda ).


    2- Leishmania
    donovani ( grayish discoloration of skin of face & hands →black fever).


    3- Heavy
    infestataion with Pediculus (Vagabond
    disease).























    • Parasites causing splenomegaly :





    1- Schistosoma mansoni.


    2- Toxocara canis (visceral larva migrans).


    3- Wuchereria bancrofti & B.malayi (tropical pulmonary eosinophilia).


    4- Plasmodium ovale; vivax
    &falciparum (hyperactive
    malarial splenomegaly).


    5- Leishmania donovani & infantum.


    6- Trypanosome cruzi.



























    ■ Hyperinfection : definition; parasitic causes & mechanism ?






    Hyperinfection : means massive
    increase in the worm burden (i.e. parasite number) within the host as a result
    of uncontrolled internal autoinfection.


    • Parasitic
    causes :


    1- Strongyloides stercoralis (Opportunistic
    parasite):


    *Mechanism: in immunosuppressed
    individuals; most of rhabditiform larvae develop into filariform (infective) larvae in the
    lumen of the intestine → penetrate intestinal mucosa → migrate through the lung
    → ascend along bronchial tree → coughed ; swallowed & develop into adult
    worms (repeated internal autoinfection → hyperinfection).


    2-
    Capillaria philippinensis (virulent
    parasite):


    *Mechanism: in immunocompetent
    individuals; untreated infection will result in embryonation of eggs in the
    intestinal lumen→ hatch → infective larvae penetrate intestinal mucosa→ develop
    to adult worms (repeated internal autoinfection → hyperinfection).















    • Man may act as a blind host
    (dead-end) for some parasitic infections:





    ·
    Blind
    host: a host that can be infected but cannot
    infect others.


    ·
    Man
    acts as a blind host in:





    1-
    All
    tissue cestodes (Hydatid
    disease; cysticercosis; sparganosis & coenurosis).


    2-
    Trichinella spiralis.


    3-
    Visceral & cutaneous larva migrans.


    4-
    Babesiosis (man –to –Tick infection does not occur
    ; but, man – to – man infection can occur by blood transfusion).












    • Parasites
    infecting man through skin penetration ?





    A-
    Cercaria: as Schistosomes.


    B-
    Sparganum larva:
    as Spirometra mansoni & S. proliferum (when infected raw flesh of
    frog or snake used as foments for skin wound).


    C-
    Filariform larva:
    either through:





    І- Direct skin
    penetration: e.g;





    1-
    Hookworms
    ( Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator).


    2-
    Strongyloides.


    3-
    Ancylostoma
    caninum ; A. braziliensis
    & non-human Strongyloides (→
    cutaneous larva migrans).





    ІІ- Insect bite: e.g; all filaria ;














    *Wuchereria
    bancrofti...........................Culex.


    *Brugyia
    malayi…………………………..Mansonia.


    *Loa
    loa………………………………….Chrysops.


    *Onchocerca
    volvulus…………………Simulium.


    *Mansonella
    ozzardi& M.perstans.....Culicoides.


    D-
    Protozoa : (through arthropod
    bite);


    1- Leishmania ……………………..Sand
    fly.


    2- Trypanosoma
    gambiense & T. rhodesiense…….Glossina.


    3- Trypanosoma cruzi
    ……………. Triatoma.


    4- Plasmodium
    …………………….Female Anopheles.


    5- Babesia…………………………..Hard
    tick.





    E- Arthropods: either:





    1-
    Larvae (maggots) of flies: e.g;


    larvae of Hypoderma;
    Dermatobia & Gastrophilus (Cutaneous myiasis).





    2- Arthropod itself :
    e.g;


    і- Tunga
    penetrans (chigger flea).


    іі-
    Sarcoptes scabiei (→ scabies).


    ііі-
    Demodex.





















    • Parasites that may affect Lung :





    І- Helminths:


    1- Paragonimus
    (adult).


    2- Heterophyes (ectopic
    egg).


    3- Schistosomes
    (ectopic egg or migrating schistosomula).


    4- Hydatid cyst.


    5- Migrating larva of
    nematodes: e.g;


    * Nematodes causing Loffler’s
    syndrome (Ascaris; Hookworms & Strongyloides).


    * Trichinella spiralis.


    6- W.bancrofti & B. malayi
    (tropical pulmonary eosinophilia).


    ІІ- Protozoa:


    1- E. histolytica (extraintestinal amoebiasis).


    2- Acanthamoeba (primary lesion).


    3- Leishmania donovani & L. infantum.


    4- Toxoplasma.


    5- Plasmodium falciparum (Acute pulmonary oedema).


    6- Cryptosporidium (in AIDS patients).


    7- Pneumocystis.


    ІІІ- Arthropods:


    • Dermatophagoides (house dust mites) → bronchial asthma.

















    • Role of “flies” in transmission of parasitic diseases ?





    І- Mechanical
    transmissioni.e. No
    multiplication or developmental changes of parasite in the fly).


    e.g; 1- Musca
    : transmits H.nana; T.solium & Entrobius eggs.


    2- Stomoxys :
    transmits African Trypanosomes.





    ІІ- Biological
    transmission: (i.e. multiplication and/or developmental changes of
    parasite in the fly).


    e.g; 1- Flies
    transmitting Filaria: (cyclodevelopmental transmission)





    * Chrysops transmits Loa loa.


    * Simulium transmits Onchocerca volvulus.


    * Culicoides transmit Mansonella ozzardi & M.perstans.


    2- Flies transmitting protozoa :
    (cyclopropagative transmission)





    * Sand fly transmits
    Leishmania


    * Glossina transmits
    Trypanosoma gambiense & T. rhodesiense.

  • #2
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    • #3
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