Glucose test

[السمرة]

it is important to determine if your blood glucose level is within healthy range

also to screen for, diagnose, and monitor hyperglycemia (high blood glucose),

hypoglycemia
(low blood glucose), diabetes (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/diabetes.html), and pre-diabetes (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/diabetes-2.html)


Blood glucose: as part of a regular physical, when you have symptoms suggesting

hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia, and during pregnancy (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/pregnancy.html); if you are diabetic, up to several times

a day to monitor blood glucose levels

Urine glucose: usually as part of a urinalysis (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/urinalysis/glance.html)

GLUCOSE ABSORBTION AND REGULATION :
Glucose is a simple sugar that serves as the main source of energy for the body. The carbohydrates we eat are broken down into glucose (and a few other simple sugars),

absorbed by the small intestine, and circulated throughout the body. Most of the body’s cells

require glucose for energy production; brain and nervous system cells not only rely on glucose

for energy, they can only function when glucose levels in the blood remain above a certain


The body’s use of glucose hinges on the availability of insulin, a hormone produced by the

pancreas. Insulin acts as a traffic director, transporting glucose into the body’s cells, directing

the body to store excess glucose as glycogen (for short-term storage) and/or as triglycerides

in adipose (fat) cells. We cannot live without glucose or insulin, and they must be in balance


. Normally, blood glucose levels rise slightly after a meal, and insulin is secreted to lower them



, with the amount of insulin released matched up with the size and content of the meal. If

blood glucose levels drop too low, such as might occur in between meals or after a strenuous

workout, glucagon (another pancreatic hormone) is secreted to tell the liver to turn some

glycogen back into glucose, raising the blood glucose levels. If the glucose/insulin feedback (http://javascript<b></b>: optionsdisplay('../../../glossary/feedback.html'))

mechanism is working properly, the amount of glucose in the blood remains fairly stable. If the

balance is disrupted and glucose levels in the blood rise, then the body tries to restore the

balance, both by increasing insulin production and by excreting glucose in the urine

Severe, acute hyperglycemia (http://javascript<b></b>: optionsdisplay('../../../glossary/hyperglycemia.html')) or hypoglycemia (http://javascript<b></b>: optionsdisplay('../../../glossary/hypoglycemia.html')) can be life-threatening, causing

organ failure, brain damage, coma, and, in extreme cases, death. Chronically

high blood glucose levels can cause progressive damage to body organs such

as the kidneys, eyes, heart and blood vessels, and nerves.

Chronic hypoglycemia can lead to brain and nerve damage.

Some women may develop hyperglycemia during pregnancy (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/pregnancy.html) and this may lead

to gestational diabetes (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/diabetes-2.html). If untreated, this can cause these mothers to give

birth to large babies who may have low glucose levels.

Women who have had gestational diabetes may or may not go on to develop
diabetes.

[السمرة]

HOW TO TEST GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD
The blood glucose test is ordered to measure the amount of glucose in the blood right at the time of sample collection. It is used to detect both hyperglycemia (javascript: optionsdisplay('../../../glossary/hyperglycemia.html')) and hypoglycemia (javascript: optionsdisplay('../../../glossary/hypoglycemia.html')) and to help diagnose diabetes (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/diabetes.html). Blood glucose may be measured on a fasting basis (collected after an 8 to 10 hour fast), randomly (anytime), post prandial (after a meal), and/or as part of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT / GTT). An OGTT is a series of blood glucose tests. A fasting glucose is collected; then the patient drinks a standard amount of a glucose solution to "challenge" their system. This is followed by one or more additional glucose tests performed at specific intervals to track glucose levels over time. The OGTT may be ordered to help diagnose diabetes and as a follow-up test to an elevated blood glucose

The American Diabetes Association recommends either the fasting glucose or the OGTT to diagnose diabetes but says that testing should be done twice, at different times, in order to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes.

Most pregnant women are screened for gestational diabetes (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/diabetes-2.html), a temporary form of hyperglycemia, between their 24th and 28th week of pregnancy (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/pregnancy.html) using a version of the OGTT, a 1-hour glucose challenge. If either fasting glucose or a random glucose is above the values used to diagnose diabetes in those who are not pregnant, the woman is considered to have gestational diabetes and neither the screening nor the glucose tolerance test is needed. If the 1-hour level is higher than the defined value, a longer OGTT is performed to clarify the patient’s status.



Diabetics must monitor their own blood glucose levels, often several times a day, to determine how far above or below normal their glucose is and to determine what oral medications or insulin(s) they may need. This is usually done by placing a drop of blood from a skin prick onto a glucose strip and then inserting the strip into a glucose meter, a small machine that provides a digital readout of the blood glucose level.
In those with suspected hypoglycemia, glucose levels are used as part of the "Whipple triad" to confirm a diagnosis
The urine glucose is seldom ordered by itself. At one time, it was used to monitor diabetics, but it has been largely replaced by the more sensitive and “real time” blood glucose. The urine glucose is, however, one of the substances measured when a urinalysis (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/urinalysis/glance.html) is performed. A urinalysis may be done routinely as part of a physical, when a doctor suspects that a patient may have a urinary tract infection (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/uti.html), or for a variety of other reasons. The doctor may follow an elevated urine glucose test with blood glucose testing.

[السمرة]

When is it ordered?
Blood glucose testing can be used to screen healthy, asymptomatic individuals for diabetes (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/diabetes.html) and pre-diabetes (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/diabetes-2.html) because diabetes is a common disease that begins with few symptoms. Screening for glucose may occur during public health fairs or as part of workplace health programs. It may also be ordered when a patient has a routine physical exam. Screening is especially important for people at high risk of developing diabetes, such as those with a family history of diabetes, those who are overweight, and those who are more than 40 to 45 years old.
The glucose test may also be ordered to help diagnose diabetes when someone has symptoms of hyperglycemia (javascript: optionsdisplay('../../../glossary/hyperglycemia.html')), such as:

Increased thirst
Increased urination
Fatigue
Blurred vision
Slow-healing infections or symptoms of hypoglycemia (javascript: optionsdisplay('../../../glossary/hypoglycemia.html')), such as:

Sweating
Hunger
Trembling
Anxiety
Confusion
Blurred Vision

Blood glucose testing is also done in emergency settings to determine if low or high glucose is contributing to symptoms such as fainting and unconsciousness. If a patient has pre-diabetes (characterized by fasting or OGTT levels that are higher than normal but lower than those defined as diabetic), the doctor will order a glucose test at regular intervals to monitor the patient’s status. With known diabetics, doctors will order glucose levels in conjunction with other tests such as hemoglobin A1c (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/a1c/glance.html) to monitor glucose control over a period of time. Occasionally, a blood glucose level may be ordered along with insulin (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/insulin/glance.html) and C-peptide (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/c_peptide/glance.html) to monitor insulin production.
Diabetics may be required to self-check their glucose, once or several times a day, to monitor glucose levels and to determine treatment options as prescribed by their doctor. Pregnant women are usually screened for gestational diabetes (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/diabetes-2.html) late in their pregnancies, unless they have early symptoms or previously have had gestational diabetes.. When a woman has gestational diabetes, her doctor will usually order glucose levels throughout the rest of her pregnancy (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/pregnancy.html) and after delivery to monitor her condition.

[السمرة]

What does the test result mean?
High levels of glucose most frequently indicate diabetes (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/diabetes.html), but many other diseases and conditions can also cause elevated glucose. The following information summarizes the meaning of the test results. These are based on the clinical practice recommendations of the American Diabetes Association


Fasting Blood Glucose

From 70 to 99 mg/dL (3.9 to 5.5 mmol/L)...........>> Normal glucose tolerance

From 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L).......>> Impaired fasting glucose (pre-diabetes)

(DIABETES IF : 126mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) and above on more than one testing occasion

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
[except pregnancy]
(TWO hours after a 75-gram glucose drink)

Less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)>>>> Normal glucose tolerance

From 140 to 200 mg/dL (7.8 to 11.1 mmol/L) >>>>Impaired glucose tolerance (pre-diabetes)

Over 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) on more than one testing >>>occasion Diabetes


Gestational Diabetes Screening: Glucose Challenge Test
(ONE hour after a 50-gram glucose drinK)

Less than 140* mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)>>> Normal glucose tolerance


OVER 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)>>>> Abnormal, needs OGTT


Gestational Diabetes Diagnostic: OGTT
(100gram glucose drink)


Fasting>>>>95 mg/dL (5.3 mmol/L)*

ONE hour after glucose load>>>>180 mg/dL (10.0 mmol/L)



TWO hours after glucose load>>>155 mg/dL (8.6 mmol/L)*

THREE hours after glucose load>>>140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L

)
Some of the other diseases and conditions that can result in elevated glucose levels include:

Acromegaly
Acute stress (response to trauma, heart attack (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/heart_attack.html), and stroke (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/stroke.html) for instance)
Chronic renal failure
Cushing syndrome (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/cushing.html)
Drugs, including: corticosteroids, tricyclic antidepressants, diuretics, epinephrine, estrogens (birth control pills and hormone replacement), lithium, phenytoin (Dilantin), salicylates,
Excessive food intake
Hyperthyroidism (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/thyroid-2.html)
Pancreatic cancer (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/pancreatic_cancer.html)
Pancreatitis (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/pancreatitis.html)

Low to non-detectible urine glucose results are considered normal. Anything that raises blood glucose levels also has the potential to elevate urine glucose levels. Increased urine glucose levels may be seen with medications, such as estrogens and chloral hydrate, and with some forms of renal disease (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/kidney.html). Moderately increased levels may be seen with pre-diabetes.


This condition, if left un-addressed, often leads to type 2 diabetes (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/diabetes-2.html).
Low glucose levels (hypoglycemia) are also seen with:

Adrenal insufficiency (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/addisons_disease.html)
Drinking alcohol
Drugs, such as acetaminophen and anabolic steroids
Extensive liver disease (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/liver_disease.html)
Hypopituitarism (http://javascript<b></b>: optionsdisplay('../../../glossary/hypopituitarism.html'))
Hypothyroidism (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/thyroid-2.html)
Insulin overdose
Insulinomas (insulin-producing pancreatic tumors)
Starvation
:sm188:

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معليش الموضووووع طويل بس والله ممتع واتمنى انو الجميع يستفيد منه واتمنى انه يكووون مرتب

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واي استفساااار حااااضرين :sm187:

[LO MEJOR]

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[السمرة]

:sm188: لا ميجور :sm188:

ماشاء الله عليك

كل سنة وانتا طيب


منور الموضووووع


ونستنى اسئلتك بس لا تسأل اشياااء صعبة ولا يبغالها ذاكرة قوية واسترجاع :sm175: مافيا ادور بالكتب بدا العيد :sm197:



>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>أمزح



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