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blood gases

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  • blood gases

    :sm199:
    Why get tested?
    To determine if you have an imbalance in the amount of oxygen gas (O2) or carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in your blood or an acid-base imbalance, which may indicate a respiratory (lung/breathing), ****bolic, or kidney disorder

    When to get tested?
    If your doctor suspects that you have symptoms of an oxygen/carbon dioxide imbalance or an acid-base imbalance; symptoms include difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, or rapid breathing (hyperventilation); may also be tested to monitor the effectiveness of ongoing oxygen therapy (used when you have a condition that causes an acute or chronic oxygen shortage) and during certain surgeries to monitor your blood’s oxygen and carbon dioxide levels

    Sample required?
    A blood sample collected from an artery, usually the radial artery in the wrist (located on the inside of the wrist, below the thumb, where you can feel your pulse); capillary blood from a heelstick may be used for babies

    The Test Sample
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    What is being tested?
    Blood gas tests tell your doctor if you have enough oxygen in your blood and whether or not your blood pH is balanced - not too acidic (acidosis) or too alkaline/basic (alkalosis). Blood gas tests directly measure:

    pH. A measure of the level of hydrogen ion (H+), which indicates the acid/base status of your blood.; the pH of your blood decreases (becomes more acidic) with increased amounts of PCO2 and other acids, and the pH increases (blood becomes more alkaline) with decreased PCO2 or increased amounts of bases like bicarbonate (HCO3-).
    PO2. The partial pressure of O2 (the amount of oxygen gas dissolved in blood).
    PCO2. The partial pressure of CO2 (the amount of carbon dioxide gas dissolved in the blood); as PCO2 levels rise, blood pH levels will decrease, becoming more acidic; as PCO2 decreases, pH levels will rise, making the blood more alkaline.
    Calculations or measurements also can be done to give other parameters, such as:

    O2 saturation. The percentage of hemoglobin saturation or how much oxygen is bound to hemoglobin in the red blood cells and available to be carried through the arteries to nourish the body’s cells.
    HCO3-. Bicarbonate, the main form of CO2 in the body, can be calculated from the pH and PCO2. It is a measurement of the ****bolic component of the acid-base balance. HCO3- is excreted and reabsorbed (conserved) by the kidneys in response to pH imbalances and is directly related to the pH level; as the amount of HCO3- rises, so does the pH.
    Base excess/deficit. A calculated number that represents a sum total of the ****bolic buffering agents (anions) in the blood; these anions include hemoglobin, proteins, phosphates, and HCO3- (bicarbonate, which is the dominant anion); these anions try to compensate for imbalances in the pH (too acidic/acidosis or too alkaline/alkalosis) caused by diseases or conditions that affect the lungs (respiratory acidosis/alkalosis) or kidneys (****bolic acidosis/alkalosis); your doctor will look at the HCO3- and base excess/deficit results to evaluate your total buffering capacity when deciding on a treatment to correct an imbalance.


    How is the sample collected for testing?
    Arterial blood is almost always used for blood gas analysis, but in some cases, such as for babies, whole blood from heelsticks is used. Since arterial blood carries oxygen to the body and venous blood carries waste products to the lungs, the gas and pH levels will not be the same in both.

    An arterial blood sample is usually collected from the radial artery in the wrist (located on the inside of the wrist, below the thumb, where you can feel your pulse). A circulation test called an Allen test will be done before the collection to make sure that you have adequate circulation in your wrist. The test involves compressing both the radial and the ulnar wrist arteries, then releasing each in turn to watch for “flushing” (the return of blood to your hand). If your hand does not flush, your other wrist will be tested. Blood can also be collected from the brachial artery in your elbow or the femoral artery in your groin (these two require special training, so they are usually done by your doctor).

    In newborns who experience difficulty in breathing right after birth, blood may be collected from both the umbilical artery and vein and tested separately.

    If you are on oxygen therapy, the O2 will either be turned off for 20 to 30 minutes before the collection for a “Room Air” test or, if you cannot tolerate this or if the doctor wants to check your oxygen levels with the O2 on, the amount of oxygen you are taking will be recorded (usually expressed as fraction of inspired oxygen in percent (e.g., 30% FIO2) or as liters of O2 flowing per minute).

    After an arterial blood draw, you will be instructed to hold the site firmly for at least 5 minutes. Since blood pumps through the artery, the puncture will take awhile to stop bleeding. If you are taking blood thinners or aspirin, it may take up to ten or fifteen minutes to stop. The person collecting the sample will verify that the bleeding has stopped and put a wrap around your wrist, which should be left in place for an hour or so.
    NOTE: If undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles: Coping with Test Pain, Discomfort, and Anxiety, Tips on Blood Testing, Tips to Help Children through Their Medical Tests, and Tips to Help the Elderly through Their Medical Tests.

    Another article, Follow That Sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture.

    The Test
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    How is it used?
    When is it ordered?
    What does the test result mean?
    Is there anything else I should know?


    How is it used?
    Blood gas measurements are used to evaluate your oxygenation and acid/base status.

    Your body will try to restore any imbalance by itself, but if you have an overwhelming acute or a chronic (long term) problem, you may need medical intervention, such as being given concentrated, pure O2 or, in extreme cases, being put on a respirator to gain additional oxygen. If you are on continuing oxygen therapy, your doctor may order blood gas tests to monitor the effectiveness of that theraputic]



    When is it ordered?
    Blood gas tests are ordered when you have symptoms of an O2/CO2 or pH imbalance, such as difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. Many acute and chronic conditions can cause an imbalance and, while the blood gas tests do not tell your doctor the direct cause of your imbalance, they will point to either a respiratory or ****bolic problem.
    Blood gas measurements may be ordered if you are known to have a respiratory, ****bolic, or kidney disease and are experiencing respiratory distress to evaluate your oxygenation and acid/base balance. Patients who are “on oxygen” (have supplemental oxygen) may have their blood gases measured at intervals to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. Blood gases may also be ordered for patients with head or neck trauma, injuries that may affect breathing. Patients undergoing prolonged anesthesia – particularly for cardiac bypass surgery or brain surgery – may have their blood gases monitored during and for a period after the procedure.

    Checking the blood gases from the umbilical cord of newborns may uncover respiratory problems as well as determine the baby's acid/base status. Testing is usually only done if a newborn’s condition indicates that he or she may be having difficulty breathing]



    What does the test result mean?
    NOTE: A standard reference range is not available for this test. Because reference values are dependent on many factors, including patient age, gender, sample population, and test method, numeric test results have different meanings in different labs. Your lab report should include the specific reference range for your test. Lab Tests Online strongly recommends that you discuss your test results with your doctor. For more information on reference ranges, please read Reference Ranges and What They Mean.


    Abnormal results of any of the blood gas components may mean that your body is not getting enough oxygen, is not getting rid of enough carbon dioxide, or that there is a problem with kidney function. If left untreated, these conditions create an imbalance that could eventually be life threatening. Your doctor will provide the necessary medical intervention to regain your body’s normal balance, but the original cause of the imbalance must also be addressed.
    A pH imbalance, blood that is either too acidic (state of acidosis) or alkaline (state of alkalosis) will be primarily due to a condition or disease that affects either respiration (breathing, your lungs) or your ****bolic processes. Regardless of what causes the pH imbalance, since the respiratory and ****bolic systems are interrelated, one system will compensate for the other to bring the pH back into balance.

    Respiratory acidosis is characterized by a lower pH and an increased PCO2 and is due to respiratory depression (not enough oxygen in and CO2 out). This can be caused by many things, including pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and over-sedation from narcotics. Respiratory alkalosis, characterized by a raised pH and a decreased PCO2, is due to over ventilation caused by hyperventilating, pain, emotional distress, or certain lung diseases that interfere with oxygen exchange.

    ****bolic acidosis is characterized by a lower pH and decreased HCO3-; the blood is too acidic on a ****bolic/kidney level. Causes include diabetes, shock, and renal failure. ****bolic alkalosis is characterized by an elevated pH and increased HCO3- and is seen in hypokalemia (low blood potassium), chronic vomiting (losing acid from the stomach), and sodium bicarbonate overdose.




    Is there anything else I should know?
    Arterial blood sample collection is usually more painful than regular venipuncture. You will experience moderate discomfort, and a compress is required for some time to prevent any bleeding from the site.
    Sometimes, mixed venous blood taken from a central line is used in particular situations, such as in cardiac catheterisation labs and by transplant services. Careful interpretation of the results is required. Peripheral venous blood is of no use for oxygen status.
    :sm199: :
    صعب جدا" ....
    أن تكتشف موت لسانك عند حاجتك للكلام ....
    وتكتشف موت قلبك عند حاجتك للحب والحياه ....
    وتكتشف جفاف عينيك عند حاجتك للبكاء ....
    وتكتشف أنك وحدك كأغصان الخريف عند حاجتك للآخرين

  • #2
    هلا والله اخوي
    ابو محمد

    الموضوع جدا قيم وانا جالس افكر فيه من قبل فتره حتى اني حاولت اخذ كم صوره الى الجهاز...بس ماتسمح الظروف..

    على العموم انت ماقصرت ووضعته وانا عندي ملف مبسط كيفيه استخدام احدى الاجهزه الجديده الي تستخدم لهذا التست ...

    ولكن حجمه كبير راح انزله باذن الله هاليومين .............
    [moveo=left]سلاااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااا اااااااااااام[/moveo]

    كلمه ميتابولك تطلع ناقصه مادري ليش؟؟

    مع ان كلمه ميتا كلمه مافيها شي بس مادري ليش النظام يحذفها

    سلااااااااااااااااام
    التعديل الأخير تم بواسطة labspe; الساعة 04-02-2008, 10:23 PM.
    http://www.tntup.com/photo/img2/1663...5a9acb/hiv.jpg

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    • #3
      [align=center]موضوعك رائع ، قرأت منه مقتطفات
      لكن يبي له قعدة

      الله يعطيك العافية على جهدك [/align]

      تعليق


      • #4
        جزيل الشكر لك أخي الكريم

        كما قال أخي راعي مايكروبات الموضوع طويل و يحتاج لجلسه اكثر من مرور

        اما مشكله حذف كلمة M eta فهذا يعود لنظام الحمايه في المنتدى لاستخدام هذه الكلمة في تكوين اكواد تستخدم لاعمال الاختراق ... سوف يتم النظر بموضوع الكلمات المحظوره بإذن الله ...
        التعديل الأخير تم بواسطة فيصل; الساعة 14-02-2007, 03:11 PM.
        مجلـة مختبرات العرب
        أطلس مختبرات العرب

        تابعونا على :

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        • #5
          جزاك الله خيرا

          تعليق


          • #6
            موضوضوع جميل جدا.............


            إن شاء الله بجيب لكم صورتك الاجهزه المستخدمه لهي التحليل
            http://www.arb-up.com/files/arb-up-2008-1/btx24479.gif

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            • #7
              جزاك الله خير

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              • #8
                أنا كنت بأبحث عن هذا الموضوع جزاك الله خيرا وجعله فى ميزان حسناتك
                :sm112:
                يا سائلى عما يجول بخاطرى
                قد دل حالى عنى فهل من ناظر
                إنى ظننت ان الخلاص منك بوسعيا
                وأنى على لهب الفراق لقادر

                :sm130:

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                • #9
                  الله يعطيك العافيه يا ابو محمد على هذه المعلومات الجميله صراحه جت في وقتها

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                  • #10
                    موضوعك جا في وقته من زمان نفسي اقرأ عن الموضوع هذا
                    يعطيك الف عافيه
                    حاول ان تكون

                    لطيف القلوب مثل الحديقة
                    عميق الأفكار مثل الجذور
                    رقيق الكلمات مثل الأزهار

                    تعليق


                    • #11
                      مافى كتاب عن هذا الموضوع

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                      • #12
                        يعطيك العافية

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