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**عونى يوسف** · 27-05-2009, 06:44 PM

اجابة السؤال الخامس

شوفى هاالموقع اكيد حيفيد الجميع

http://www.histology-world.com/stains/stains.htm

**عونى يوسف** · 28-05-2009, 10:27 PM

اجابة السؤال الاول
calcium chloride

activate the coagulation factors that present in the plasma

factor VII reacts with the tissue factor(thromboplastin)in the presence of calcium to activate factor X
then coagulation mechanism continues

**صلاح عبد الملك احمد عبد ا** · 29-05-2009, 06:37 PM

1. فائدة الكالسيوم كلورايد انه يحدث الشراره الاوليه للعامل السابع مع Thromboplastin المصنع خارجياً ... والكالسيوم معروف انه يتطلب في اغلب مراحل Coagulation إن لم يكن فيها كلها ................

2.ليس بالضروره ان توجد علاقه بين الفحصين لكن قد توجد مشكله في احد العوامل للمرحله Common pathway فيرتفع كلا الفحصين اما إذا كان الخلل في
Intrinsic or Extrinsic فان خلل احدهما لا ياثر علي الاخر مثلا ً الاشخاص المصابين ب Hemophilia A or B يضهر عندهم ارتفاع في Pt.t ويكون P.t طبيعي .

3. اما عن الاجهزه فاذا كنت تريدين فهمها فعليك باي مختبر كان لانه من الصعب فهم الية عملها هذه الاجهزه موجدوه في مستشفى جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا... كذلك المستشفى السعودي الالماني و مستشفى الثوره في صنعاء

4. الصبغات الموجدوه في المختبر كثيره منها Romanwesky : التي هي
1. Gemisa
2. Field
3. Wright
4. Leishman

ايضاً هناك اصباغ كثيره منها :

Iron/Hemosiderin
Prussian blue

Lipids
Sudan stain (Sudan II, Sudan III, Sudan IV, Oil Red O, Sudan Black B)

Carbohydrates
Periodic acid-Schiff stain

Amyloid
Congo red

Bacteria
Gram staining (Methyl violet/Gentian violet, Safranin) • Ziehl-Neelsen stain/acid-fast (Carbol fuchsin/Fuchsine, Methylene blue) • Auramine-rhodamine stain (Auramine O, Rhodamine B)

Connective tissue
trichrome stain: Masson's trichrome stain/Lillie's trichrome (Light Green SF yellowish, Biebrich scarlet, Phosphomolybdic acid, Fast Green FCF)
Van Gieson's stain

Other H&E stain (Haematoxylin, Eosin Y) • Silver stain (Gomori methenamine silver stain) • Methyl blue • Wright's stain • Giemsa stain • Gomori trichrome stain

Gram staining
Gram staining is used to determine gram status to classify bacteria broadly. It is based on the composition of their cell wall. Gram staining uses crystal violet to stain cell walls, iodine as a mordant, and a fuchsin or safranin counterstain to mark all bacteria. Gram status is important in medicine; the presence or absence of a cell wall will change the bacterium's susceptibility to some antibiotics.
Gram-positive bacteria stain dark blue or violet. Their cell wall is typically rich with peptidoglycan and lacks the secondary membrane and lipopolysaccharide layer found in Gram-negative bacteria.
On most Gram-stained preparations, Gram-negative organisms will appear red or pink because they are counterstained;due to presence of higher lipid content, after alcohol-treatment, the porosity of the cell wall increases & hence the CVI complex (Crystal violet -Iodine) can pass through. Thus, the primary stain is not retained. Also, in contrast to most Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria have only a few layers of peptidoglycan and a secondary cell membrane made primarily of lipopolysaccharide.
Ziehl-Neelsen stain
Ziehl-Neelsen staining is used to stain species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that do not stain with the standard laboratory staining procedures like Gram staining.
The stains used are the red colored Carbol fuchsin that stains the bacteria and a counter stain like Methylene blue or Malachite green.
Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining

Microscopic view of a histologic specimen of human lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
Haematoxylin and eosin staining protocol is used frequently in histology to examine thin sections of tissue. Haematoxylin stains cell nuclei blue, while eosin stains cytoplasm, connective tissue and other extracellular substances pink or red. Eosin is strongly absorbed by red blood cells, colouring them bright red.
Papanicolaou staining
Papanicolaou staining, or Pap staining, is a frequently used method for examining cell samples from various bodily secretions. It is frequently used to stain the Pap smear specimens. It uses a combination of haematoxylin, Orange G, eosin Y, Light Green SF yellowish, and sometimes Bismarck Brown Y.
PAS staining

PAS diastase showing the fungus Histoplasma.
Periodic acid-Schiff staining is used to mark carbohydrates (glycogen, glycoprotein, proteoglycans). It is used to distinguish different types of glycogen storage diseases.
Masson's trichrome
Masson's trichrome is (as the name implies) a three-colour staining protocol. The recipe has evolved from Masson's original technique for different specific applications, but all are well-suited to distinguish cells from surrounding connective tissue. Most recipes will produce red keratin and muscle fibers, blue or green staining of collagen and bone, light red or pink staining of cytoplasm, and black cell nuclei.
Romanowsky stains
The Romanowsky stains are all based on a combination of eosinate (chemically reduced eosin) and methylene blue (sometimes with its oxidation products azure A and azure B). Common variants include Wright's stain, Jenner's stain, Leishman stain and Giemsa stain.
All are used to examine blood or bone marrow samples. They are preferred over H&E for inspection of blood cells because different types of leukocytes (white blood cells) can be readily distinguished. All are also suited to examination of blood to detect blood-borne parasites like malaria.
Silver staining

Gomori methenamine silver stain demonstrating histoplasma (black round balls).
Silver staining is the use of silver to stain histologic sections. This kind of staining is important especially to show proteins (for example type III collagen) and DNA. It is used to show both substances inside and outside cells. Silver staining is also used in temperature gradient gel electrophoresis.
Some cells are argentaffin. These reduce silver solution to metallic silver after formalin fixation. This method was discovered by Italian Camillo Golgi, by using a reaction between silver nitrate and potassium dichromate, thus precipitating silver chromate in some cells (see Golgi's method). Other cells are argyrophilic. These reduce silver solution to metallic silver after being exposed to the stain that contains a reductant, for example hydroquinone or formalin.
Sudan staining
Sudan staining is the use of Sudan dyes to stain sudanophilic substances, usually lipids. Sudan III, Sudan IV, Oil Red O, and Sudan Black B are often used. Sudan staining is often used to determine the level of fecal fat to diagnose steatorrhea.
Conklin's staining
Special technique designed for staining true endospores with the use of malachite green dye, once stained, they do not decolourize.
Common biological stains
Different stains react or concentrate in different parts of a cell or tissue, and these properties are used to advantage to reveal specific parts or areas. Some of the most common biological stains are listed below. Unless otherwise marked, all of these dyes may be used with fixed cells and tissues; vital dyes (suitable for use with living organisms) are noted.
Acridine orange
Acridine orange (AO) is a nucleic acid selective fluorescent cationic dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions. When bound to DNA, it is very similar spectrally to fluorescein.
Bismarck brown
Bismarck brown (also Bismarck brown Y or Manchester brown) imparts a yellow colour to acid mucins. Bismarck brown may be used with live cells.
Carmine
Carmine is an intensely red dye which may be used to stain glycogen, while Carmine alum is a nuclear stain. Carmine stains require the use of a mordant, usually Coomassie blue
Coomassie blue (also brilliant blue) nonspecifically stains proteins a strong blue colour. It is often used in gel electrophoresis.
Crystal violet
Crystal violet, when combined with a suitable mordant, stains cell walls purple. Crystal violet is an important component in Gram staining.
DAPI
DAPI is a fluorescent nuclear stain, excited by ultraviolet light and showing strong blue fluorescence when bound to DNA. DAPI is not visible with regular transmission microscopy. It may be used in living or fixed cells.
Eosin
Eosin is most often used as a counterstain to haematoxylin, imparting a pink or red colour to cytoplasmic material, cell membranes, and some extracellular structures. It also imparts a strong red colour to red blood cells. Eosin may also be used as a counterstain in some variants of Gram staining, and in many other protocols. There are actually two very closely related compounds commonly referred to as eosin. Most often used is eosin Y (also known as eosin Y ws or eosin yellowish); it has a very slightly yellowish cast. The other eosin compound is eosin B (eosin bluish or imperial red); it has a very faint bluish cast. The two dyes are interchangeable, and the use of one or the other is more a matter of preference and tradition.
[Ethidium bromide
Ethidium bromide intercalates and stains DNA, providing a fluorescent red-orange stain. Although it will not stain healthy cells, it can be used to identify cells that are in the final stages of apoptosis - such cells have much more permeable membranes. Consequently, ethidium bromide is often used as a marker for apoptosis in cells populations and to locate bands of DNA in gel electrophoresis. The stain may also be used in conjunction with acridine orange (AO) in viable cell counting. This EB/AO combined stain causes live cells to fluoresce green whilst apoptotic cells retain the distinctive red-orange fluorescence.
Fuchsin
Fuchsin may be used to stain collagen, smooth muscle, or mitochondria. Acid fuchsin is commonly used in Masson's trichrome and van Gieson's picro-fuchsin, and was used in an older method to stain mitochondria.
Haematoxylin
Haematoxylin (hematoxylin in North America) is a nuclear stain. Used with a mordant, haematoxylin stains nuclei blue-violet or brown. It is most often used with eosin in H&E (haematoxylin and eosin) staining—one of the most common procedures in histology.
Hoechst stains
Hoechst is a bis-benzimidazole derivative compound which binds to the minor groove of DNA. Often used in fluorescence microscopy for DNA staining, Hoechst stains appear yellow when dissolved in aqueous solutions and emit blue light under UV excitation. There are two major types of Hoechst: Hoechst 33258 and Hoechst 33342. The two compounds are functionally similar, but with a little difference in structure. Hoechst 33258 contains a terminal hydroxyl group and is thus more soluble in aqueous solution, however this characteristics reduces its ability to penetrate the plasma membrane. Hoechst 33342 contains a ethyl substitution on the terminal hydroxyl group (i.e. an ethylether group) making it more hydrophobic for easier plasma membrane passage.
Iodine
Iodine is used in chemistry as an indicator for starch. When starch is mixed with iodine in solution, an intensely dark blue color develops, representing a starch/iodine complex. Starch is a substance common to most plant cells and so a weak iodine solution will stain starch present in the cells. Iodine is one component in the staining technique known as Gram staining, used in microbiology. Lugol's solution or Lugol's iodine (IKI) is a brown solution that turns black in the presence of starches and can be used as a cell stain, making the cell nuclei more visible.
Malachite green
Malachite green (also known as diamond green B or victoria green B) can be used as a blue-green counterstain to safranin in the Gimenez staining technique for bacteria. It also can be used to directly stain spores.
Methyl green
Methyl green is chemically related to crystal violet, sporting an extra methyl or ethyl group.
Methylene blue
Methylene blue is used to stain animal cells, such as human cheek cells, to make their nuclei more observable.
Neutral red
Neutral red (or toluylene red) stains nissel substance red. It is usually used as a counterstain in combination with other dyes.
Nile blue
Nile blue (or Nile blue A) stains nuclei blue. It may be used with living cells.
Nile red
Nile red (also known as Nile blue oxazone) is formed by boiling Nile blue with sulfuric acid. This produces a mix of Nile red and Nile blue. Nile red is a lipophilic stain; it will accumulate in lipid globules inside cells, staining them red. Nile red can be used with living cells. It fluoresces strongly when partitioned into lipids, but practically not at all in aqueous solution.
Osmium tetroxide (formal name: osmium tetraoxide)
Osmium tetraoxide is used in optical microscopy to stain lipids. It dissolves in fats, and is reduced by organic materials to elemental osmium, an easily visible black substance.
Rhodamine
Rhodamine is a protein specific fluorescent stain commonly used in fluorescence microscopy.
[edit] Safranin
Safranin (or Safranin O) is a nuclear stain. It produces red nuclei, and is used primarily as a counterstain. Safranin may also be used to give a yellow colour to collagen.
As in light microscopy, stains can be used to enhance contrast in transmission electron microscopy. Electron-dense compounds of heavy metals are typically used.
Phosphotungstic acid
Phosphotungstic acid is a common negative stain for viruses, nerves, polysaccharides, and other biological tissue materials.
Osmium tetraoxide
Osmium tetraoxide is used in optical microscopy to stain lipids. It dissolves in fats, and is reduced by organic materials to elemental osmium, an easily visible black substance. Because it is a heavy metal that absorbs electrons, it is perhaps the most common stain used for morphology in biological electron microscopy. It is also used for the staining of various polymers for the study of their morphology by TEM. OsO4 is a very volatile. It is a strong oxidizing agent as the osmium has an oxidiztion number of +8. It aggressively oxidizes many materials, leaving behind a deposit of non-volatile osmium in a lower oxidation state
Ruthenium tetraoxide
Ruthenium tetraoxide is equally volatile and even more aggressive than osmium tetraoxide and able to stain even materials that resist the osmium stain, e.g. polyethylene.

Other chemicals used in electron microscopy staining include: ammonium molybdate, cadmium iodide, carbohydrazide, ferric chloride, hexamine, indium trichloride, lanthanum nitrate, lead acetate, lead citrate, lead(II) nitrate, periodic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, potassium ferricyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, ruthenium red, silver nitrate, silver proteinate, sodium chloroaurate, thallium nitrate, thiosemicarbazide, uranyl acetate, uranyl nitrate, and vanadyl sulfate.

5. الاجابه مذكوره في السابق

6. لا نستطيع ان نحكم انها لوكيميا فلا بد ان تذهب الى اخصائي قد تكون لوكيمياء و WBC اقل من 15000 فالحكم للاخصائي .

7. يمكن التفريق من خلال ِAlkaline Phosphatse وهناك الكثير من Parameters

8. للاجابه عن هذا السؤال هناك ملف مرفق بعنوان مقرر علم الدم العملي ل طارق عزيز

( اعملي بحث بهذا الاسم )

• Bleeding time يقيس Platelets Function ..Vessels wall… Platelets count
• Clotting time يقيس عوامل التجلط لكن هذا الفحص لم يعد يعمل بكثرة .

9. عادة تعمل الملاريا فقردم بالغالب وتكون من نوع Hemolytic anemia لكن احيانا في بعض المناطق قد لا تظهر عندما تكون المنطقه موبوئه مثل ( الحديده ) ويكون قد حصل عند الشخص Partial immunity

ارجوا ان اكون قد وفقت .............. اذا اخطئت سامحوني

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