Electrolyte panel is mainly serum sodium and potassium ,chloride may be done also we may add serum calcium and phosphorus.
Causes of increase in sodium level:Normal level:135-145 meq/l
This is called hypernatremia when level of sodium exceeds 150 meq/l
Diarrhea,burns , excessive sweating, hypothalamic disorders.All of these are extrarenal causes,renal causes include osmotic diuresis and thiazide diuretics with decreased water intake.,hospitalised patients receiving hypertonic saline, hyperaldosteronism and Cushing syndrome.
Hyponatremia means sodium <135meq/l , it becomes manifested when level reaches 120 meq/l ,there is shift of fluids to the cells to keep osmotic balance,causes may be:
hyperglycemia,osmotic diuresis,adrenal insufficiecy,potassium sparing diuretics,metabolic alkalosis e.g.severe vomiting , it may be dilutional as in liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, congestive heart failure, SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate ADH leading to retention of water.


Potassium: normal level:3.5-5 meq/l
Hypokalemia due to insulin therapy which leads to entrance of potassium to cells following insulin,alkalosis,,diarrhea , intestinal fistula,excess mineralocorticoids ,drugs e.g.digoxin,loop diuretics.

Hyperkalemia due to acidosis,dehydration,shock,diabetic ketoacidosis,hemolysis,status epilepticus,Addison's
disease,massive blood tranfusion

Serum electrolytes are measured by ion selective electrode.

Carbon dioxide is measured by blood gas instrument sample is arterial blood on heparin as anticoagulant ,no tourniquet..

بسم اللــــــــه الرحمن الرحيم


بعد ذكر كل هذه الوظائف للكلى ............... فلنقل جميعا " الحمد لله ..........كلمة شكر لله عز وعلى


وليكن الشكر والحمد مضاعفا" ......لانه خلق لنا زوج من الكلى

An electrolyte panel measures the blood levels of sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbon dioxide

Abnormal electrolyte levels may be caused by several conditions, including diabetes, other endocrine conditions and diabetic complications, including:
Diabetic nephropathy. Kidney disease or damage caused by diabetes.

Diabetic ketoacidosis. A serious condition that can occur when a severe lack of insulin causes the body to break down fats instead of glucose (blood sugar) for energy.

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome. A serious condition that includes high glucose (hyperglycemia) and dehydration.

Hyperthyroidism. Overactive thyroid gland, which can deprive the bones and other tissues of calcium.

Parathyroid disorders. Conditions that can impair bones, nerves and muscles by affecting levels of calcium and phosporus.

A carbon dioxide test measures the total amount of the three forms of carbon dioxide (bicarbonate, carbonic acid, and dissolved carbon dioxide) in your blood.
using arterial blood gas (ABG) test. Blood for an ABG test is taken from an artery.

كلكم افادتمونى جزاكم الله خيرا

الف الف شكر
الصرااااااااحه استفدنى من الموضوع
يعطيكم العافيه
_____________________
^_^

علا وايمي نايل

اجاباتكم عن السؤال الثالث بالانجليزي رائعه اشكركم


باقي نجاوب على السؤال الثالث بالعربي.....حنستنى الاجابه الوافيه بالعربي ...

بصراحة لم اعمل يوما تحاليل تخص الالكتروليتات لكن عندي بعض المعلومات عنها : مثلا الفسفور له عدة وظائف:
1_ يقوم بدور الوسيط في عملية أيض الكربوهيدرات .
2_ يقوم بدور أساسي في تركيب خلايا كريات الدم الحمراء فهو أحد المكونات للحوامض النووية والشحوم الفسفورية phospholipids الاسترات الفوسفاتية والاملاح النووية.

3_ يقوم بعملية تصلب العظام mineralization of bones .

وهناك كما نعرف علاقة عكسية بين مستوى الفسفور والكالسيوم حيث ينخفض مستوى احدهما عند ارتفاع الثاني

طبعا هناك بعض الامراض يرتفع فيها مستوى الكالسيوم والفسفور معا او ينخفضان معا .

كذلك هناك عنصر الحديد fe له دور كبير في تكوين الهيموكلوبين حيث يتحول الحديدوز بإرتباطه بجزيئة اوكسجين الى اوكسيهيموكلوبين oxyhemoglobin له دور كبير في معالجة الانيميا

كذلك هناك عنصر الصوديوم والبوتاسيوم لهما اهمية في المحافظة على مستوى ضغط الدم . تنخفض مستوياتهما عادلة في حالة التقيؤ والاسهال وفقدان الماء dehydration

Dear sister:
Since there is a sample present and it is refrigerated or frozen,provided having no hemolysis in it and enough amount of serum or plasma ,I can do urea and creatinine from it,I prefer the serum of original sample not worked on and put in epindorf and kept in freezer.
Benefit of storing samples in the lab,as in this case ,I forgot some tests ,the doctor knew the results of some tests and ordered some confirmatory tests , patient is unavailable to take another sample,patient took blood transfusion so I can't work on his blood any more.If the result of sample is positive e.g.HCV positive ,I can use it as a positive control for me.
As for urea ,serum is stable for 24 hrs at room temperature,several days at 4ْC, 2-3 months if frozen,plasma also is suitable but not on ammonium or fluoride salts.
For creatinine,serum is preferred ,stable for 7 days in refrigerator and months when frozen.Thank you.

إهئ إهئ أبغى أحل و أشارك
بس و الله الأخوان ما قصروا الله يوفق الجميع

وفقكم الله

If i haven’t a suitable conditions in my lab i must take a new sample from the patient ..i mean with ( suitable conditions ) refrigrator or freezer ...if i have them i can do the tests whom asked by the physican from the orginal serum ...... the benefit from storage the serum that when the physican need another tests and the patient leave ....the conditions that make the serum usefull for several days or manths are said by ms.3ola raamy

1- perform the tests from the yesterday plasma or serum from original sample under proper storage condition.

2- if i want to repeat any test or if i forget to make a test.
3- refrigrated sample.

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