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What Is the Function of the Small Intestine?
is made up of a number of different parts, each of which plays a part in digestion. Food first enters your mouth, then goes down your esophagus into your stomach. After leaving your stomach, the food enters your small intestine, then your large intestine and out of the body. Despite its name, the small intestine is the most lengthy part of your digestive system and plays an important part in the digestion and absorption of the food you eat
Function
The small intestine is responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients found within your food. By the time ingested food reaches the small intestine, it has been mechanically broken down into a liquid. As this liquid flows across the inner surface of the small intestine (which has many small folds to increase the surface area), nutrients within the food come into contact with the many small blood vessels which surround the small intestine. This blood then leaves the small intestine, carrying away nutrients, water electrolytes, vitamins, minerals, fats and medications to the entire body. It can take three to six hours for a meal to pass from one end of the small intestine to the other, and that is dependent on the makeup of the food passing through; meals containing a lot of fiber move more quickly.
Types
There are three parts to the small intestine: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The duodenum is the first portion of the small intestine, and receives the contents of the stomach. When the contents of the stomach are pushed into the small intestine, they are very acidic, so this part of the small intestine is tolerant to low pHs. Soon after entering the small intestine, the pancreatic duct pours pancreatic enzymes into the digesting food. These enzymes reduce the acidity of the digesting food before it reaches parts of the small intestine that are not as tolerant to low pH. The bile duct, which carries bile from the liver, also empties into the duodenum and is responsible for breaking down fats within the food. The duodenum is the shortest part of the small intestine, measuring less than 10 inches long, and continues the digestive process that the stomach has started.
The jejunum is where the majority of the absorption of nutrients takes place.
The ileum is the longest part of the small intestine and is responsible for the absorption of B12 and final processing of carbohydrates and proteins. The end of the ileum is where the small and large intestine meet and is where the appendix is located.
Identification
The small intestine is located between the stomach and the large intestine, and is coiled up inside the abdominal cavity. The small intestine can be found in the abdomen, covered in a thin fatty layer called the omentum. Inside, the small intestine has a number of folds--most of which are fed by blood vessels contained in a membrane that connects the small intestine together. This is called the mesentery.
Size
The small intestine can reach lengths of up to 23 feet. It is much longer than the large intestine. The word "small" in small intestine, therefore, refers to its diameter, rather than its length, because the small intestine is much smaller around than the large intestine.
Benefits
The benefits of having the small intestine as the part of the digestive system responsible for absorption are many. The small intestine is very vascular, meaning it has a lot of blood flow to it. Therefore, nutrients, vitamins and medications can quickly and efficiently enter the body soon after leaving the stomach

Platelets :___
are identified by their size (< 30 fL) and refractive index (n = 1.35 to n = 1.40). The platelet cytogram on the left is a graphical representation of how the Advia counts platelets. Low light scatter is plotted against the X axis and high light scatter is plotted against the Y axis (B). Platelets are detected in the region labeled 1. Large platelets (section 2) are identified on the basis of size (> 20 fL) and refractive index (which distinguishes them from red cells). In species with very small red cells, e.g. goats, some red blood cells may be counted as platelets.
The analyzer also detects platelet clumps and flags their presence. When this occurs, a comment is appended to the platelet count or smear estimate (if a count is not provided) demonstrating the presence of clumps.

Often, a useful judgement about platelet adequacy can be made in this manner even if platelets are too clumped to allow an actual count by manual or automated methods. In some cases, with severe platelet clumping, a platelet estimate cannot be provided
examination of the stained blood film. As a rule no attempt is made to provide an actual number, but rather a designation into categories of "increased" (above reference intervals), "adequate" (within reference intervals), "low?" (within low normal limits or mildly decreased), "low" (below reference intervals), and "very low" (< 30,000/µL) is made . For more precise enumeration, a platelet count should be requested.

The estimate is made by counting the average number of platelets seen per oil immersion field (in the "red cell area" of the smear"). This number multiplied by 15,000 equals the approximate platelet count. For example, if an average field contains 7 platelets, an estimate of 105,000/µL would be appropriate. This value would then be compared to the normal range for the species in question ... 105K would be "low" for a dog, but "adeq" for a horse.
Smear estimates are performed on all samples in which a platelet count is provided in order to verify the platelet count obtained manually or from the hematology analyzer.
Often, a useful judgement about platelet adequacy can be made in this manner even if platelets are too clumped to allow an actual count by manual or automated methods. In some cases, with severe platelet clumping, a platelet estimate cannot be provided
Platelet Function Tests
What is platelet function?
Platelets are vital for normal blood clotting. Produced in the bone marrow, they circulate in the blood until they are needed. When there is an injury to a blood vessel, platelets adhere to the injury site (with the help of von Willebrand factor, which acts as the “glue”), aggregate with other platelets, release compounds that stimulate further aggregation, and form a loose platelet plug in a process called primary hemostasis. At the same time, platelets support the coagulation cascade, a series of steps that involves the sequential activation of clotting factors. This secondary hemostasis process culminates in the formation of strands of fibrin that are woven through the loose platelet plug, cross-linked to form a fibrin net, and compressed to form a stable clot that remains in place until the injury has healed. When the clot is no longer needed, other factors break the clot down and remove it.
If there are insufficient platelets, or if they are not functioning normally, a patient may be at an increased risk of excessive bleeding. The number of platelets can be easily determined with a platelet count, but the overall platelet function is more difficult to measure. Unfortunately, there is no one test that identifies all problems with platelet function, nor is there widespread agreement on which test(s) are best for each circumstance.
In the past, the primary screen for platelet dysfunction was the bleeding time. However, the bleeding time procedure has fallen from favor in recent years. Many hospitals are no longer offering it, and several national organizations have issued position statements against its routine use as a pre-surgical screen. The bleeding time is not sensitive or specific, and it does not necessarily reflect the risk or severity of surgical bleeding. It is poorly reproducible, can be affected by aspirin ingestion and by the skill of the person performing the test, and frequently leaves small thin scars on the forearm.
The PFA-100® (Platelet Function Analyzer – 100) is a testing device that many hospitals are using as a platelet function screen, in place of the bleeding time, to mimic the clotting process. To do the test, a tube of blood is drawn from a vein in the arm and then a portion of the blood is put into a test cartridge. Vacuum is then used to draw blood through a very thin glass tube that has been coated with collagen and with either epinephrine (EPI) or ADP. This coating activates the platelets in the moving sample and promotes platelet adherence and aggregation. The time it takes for a clot to form inside the glass tube and prevent further blood flow is measured as a closure time (CT). An initial screen is done with collagen/EPI. If the CT is normal, it is unlikely that a platelet dysfunction exists. The collagen/ADP test is run to confirm an abnormal collagen/EPI test. If both tests are abnormal, it is likely that the patient has a platelet dysfunction and further testing for inherited or acquired bleeding disorders is indicated. If the collagen/ADP test is normal, then the abnormal collagen/EPI test may be due to aspirin ingestion. This is the most frequently encountered abnormal collagen/EPI result as a single dose of aspirin can affect platelet function for about 10 days.
While the PFA-100® test has gained acceptance as a useful screen for platelet dysfunction, there is no consensus that it is THE replacement test for the bleeding time. The PFA-100 has not been shown to be able to predict the likelihood that a patient will bleed excessively during surgery and its full clinical utility has yet to be established.
Platelet aggregometry is a test of platelet function widely used in academic centers and large hospitals. One or two tubes of blood are drawn from a vein in the arm, and the response of either whole blood or platelet-rich plasma to specific agents known to induce aggregation of platelets is studied. This test is used to diagnose inherited and acquired platelet function disorders. It is affected by aspirin and a variety of other drugs that alter platelet function.
There are many other platelet function tests that measure particular aspects of platelet aggregation or clot formation. Some are still only being used for research, while others are being used by some doctors for specific purposes. The VerifyNow® Aspirin Assay (formerly Ultegra RPFA®-ASA), for instance, is a test that may be ordered to help detect platelet dysfunction due to aspirin ingestion; VerifyNow® IIb/IIIa Assay is a test that may be used to monitor abciximab (an anti-platelet therapy); and Plateletworks® is a testing method used to monitor changes in platelet function by measuring aggregation ability. An older test that is staging a comeback is thromboelastography or TEG, which measures clot strength and has been used to monitor platelet function and coagulation during cardiovascular surgery and to predict bleeding and monitor blood transfusion effectiveness during cardiopulmonary surgery. It should be noted that since most samples for platelet function testing are only stable for a very short period of time, testing choices are often limited to what is locally available

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