إعـــــــلان

تقليص
لا يوجد إعلان حتى الآن.

BIOCHEMISTRY NATIONAL BOARD EXAM REVIEW نموذج اختبار بورده امريكيه 2004

تقليص
X
 
  • تصفية - فلترة
  • الوقت
  • عرض
إلغاء تحديد الكل
مشاركات جديدة

  • BIOCHEMISTRY NATIONAL BOARD EXAM REVIEW نموذج اختبار بورده امريكيه 2004

    [LEFT]BIOCHEMISTRY NATIONAL BOARD EXAM REVIEW

    Larry D. Barnes
    Department of Biochemistry
    University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio

    June, 2004
    Addendum, June 2005 (pg. 35)

    The following questions (1-243) are from nine National Dental Board Examinations in Biochemistry-Physiology from 1978-1998. 1998 is the latest board exam released by the American Dental Association. This compilation of questions is intended to show the format, the subject areas generally covered, and the general level of knowledge required. Answers with some commentary are given beginning on page 29. The addenum begins on page 35 followed by answers.

    BASIC CHEMISTRY
    1. Which of the following characterizes exergonic reactions?

    A. Decreased entropy
    B. Increased enthalpy
    C. Decreased enthalpy
    D. Negative free energy change
    E. Positive free energy change
    2. What thermodynamic parameter is a measure of randomness or disorder in a system?

    A. Entropy
    B. Enthalpy
    C. Free energy
    D. Potential energy
    E. Activation energy

    3. Atoms are isotopes of each other only if

    A. their nuclei contain the same number of neutrons.
    B. their atomic numbers are the same, but their mass numbers differ.
    C. their mass numbers are the same, but their atomic numbers differ.
    D. one is a beta emitter, but the other is an alpha emitter.
    4. Which of the following substances is LEAST polar?

    A. Ethanol
    B. Cholesterol
    C. Palmitic acid
    D. Glycocholic acid


    5. Which of the following characterizes an asymmetric carbon?

    A. A carbon atom with four identical groups attached to it.
    B. A carbon atom with four different groups attached to it.
    C. A carbon with at least one carboxyl and one amino group attached to it.
    D. A carbon atom that has two heavy groups on one side and two light groups on the other.
    6. Which of the following compounds does NOT contain a high-energy bond?

    A. ATP
    B. Acetyl CoA
    C. UDP-glucose
    D. Glucose-6-phosphate
    E. Phosphoenolypyruvate




    7. Which of the following solutions has an osmotic pressure different from all the others?

    A. 1 M glucose
    B. 1 M sodium chloride
    C. 1 M potassium nitrate
    D. 1 N lithium iodide
    E. 1 N hydrochloric acid



    BUFFERS and pH

    8. The Henderson-Hasselbach equations shows that

    A. dilution of a buffer increases its pH.
    B. pH = pka when an acid is 0.1 N
    C. pH = pka when an acid is half neutralized.
    D. pH is independent of the dissociation constant of the acid


    9. Which of the following represents the pH of a solution that has 10-5 M concentration of OH- ion?

    A. 5
    B. 7
    C. 9
    D. Determine only if the pKa is known.
    E. Determinable only if the base composition is known.

    10. If the pH becomes lower than the isoelectric point of a protein, then how will the protein respond in an electrophoretic system? It will

    A. become denatured.
    B. migrate to the negative pole.
    C. migrate to the positive pole.
    D. remain stationary and unchanged.
    E. separate into its different monomeric forms.




    11. A physiologic buffer functions to

    A. regulate the partial pressure of venous carbon dioxide.
    B. carry fixed acid from the site of its elimination to the site of its production.
    C. transport carbon dioxide from the site of its production to the site of its elimination.
    D. minimize the increase in hydrogen ion concentration that accompanies cellular acid production.
    E. maximize the decrease in hydrogen ion concentration that accompanies alkali formation.

    12. All of the following function in buffer systems in the blood EXCEPT

    A. NaCl.
    B. H2C03.
    C. NaHCO3.
    D. Na2HPO4.
    E. NaH2PO4.
    13. The buffer system most important in maintaining the physiological pH of plasma is

    A. protein/proteinate
    B. acetic acid/acetate
    C. carbonic acid/bicarbonate
    D. phosphoric acid/phosphate
    E. hydroxybutyric acid/hydroxybutyrate


    BICARBONATE/CO2

    14. Neutralization of acids by saliva results mainly from which of the following salivary contents?

    A. Mucin
    B. Ammonia
    C. Carbonate
    D. Bicarbonate
    E. Amino acids
    15. MOST of the CO2 in blood is combined as

    A. H2C03.
    B. HCO-3.
    C. CH3 –COOH.
    D. carbonic acid
    E. carbaminohemoglobin.










    BICARBONATE/CO2 (Continued)

    16. The bicarbonate buffer system of the blood is very efficient because

    A. bicarbonate is rapidly excreted by the kidneys.
    B. bicarbonate is able to be stored in the tissue.
    C. carbon dioxide is able to combine with hemoglobin
    D. carbon dioxide forms a stable combination with base.
    E. carbon dioxide is rapidly eliminated through the lungs.
    17. The normal blood bicarbonate-carbonic acid ratio is 20:1. A patient with a 10:1 ratio is in

    A. compensated alkalosis.
    B. compensated acidosis.
    C. uncompensated alkalosis.
    D. uncompensated acidosis.
    E. none of the above. This patient’s ratio is within normal limits.

    18. Absence of which of the following blood enzymes drastically reduces blood CO2 carrying capacity?

    A. Carbonic anhydrase
    B. Alkaline phosphatase
    C. Pyruvate carboxykinase
    D. Histidine decarboxylase
    E. Serum glutamic-oxaloacetate transaminase


    PROTEINS

    19. Removal of a molecule of water between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of a second amino acid results in formation of a

    A. zwitterion.
    B. polypeptide.
    C. peptide bond.
    D. hydrogen bond.
    E. glycosidic bond.

    20. Which of the following BEST explains why proteins are able to buffer physiologic solutions over a wide range of pH?

    A. They are macromolecules of high molecular weight.
    B. They contain many functional groups with differing pKs.
    C. They have unique tertiary structures that sequester hydrogen ions.
    D. They have peptide bonds that are resistant to hydrolysis.

    21. Denaturation usually destroys all of the following bonds in protein EXCEPT

    A. hydrogen bonds.
    B. covalent bonds.
    C. hydrophobic bonds.
    D. electrostatic bonds.
    22. Which of the following is the best method for determining the three-dimensional structure of protein?

    A. Dialysis
    B. Electrophoresis
    C. X-ray diffraction
    D. Ultracentrifugation
    E. None of these






    PROTEINS (Continued)

    23. The amino acid that contributes to the tertiary structure of a protein by causing a bend when it occurs in the primary sequence is

    A. leucine.
    B. alanine.
    C. proline.
    D. tyrosine.
    E. aspartic acid. 24. A mucin is which of the following types of proteins?

    A. Simple protein
    B. Phosphoprotein
    C. Chromoprotein.
    D. Nucleoprotein.
    E. Glycoprotein.


    25. How will a protein respond in an electrophoretic system, should the pH become lower than the isoelectric point of the protein?

    A. It will become denaturated.
    B. It will migrate to the negative pole.
    C. It will migrate to the positive pole.
    D. It will remain stationary and unchanged.
    E. It will separate into its different monomeric forms.


    ENZYMES

    26. Which of the following is true regarding enzymes?

    A. Are not reusable
    B. Are needed in large amounts
    C. Catalyze endergonic reactions only
    D. Increase the energy of activation of the reaction
    E. Decrease the energy of activation of the reaction
    27. The optimum pH for an enzyme is the

    A. isoelectric point of the enzyme.
    B. pH of most rapid reaction rate.
    C. pH at which the enzyme is most soluble.
    D. pH of most rapid denaturation of the enzyme

    28. The Km value of an enzyme is numerically equal to

    A. half the maximum velocity expressed in moles/liter.
    B. velocity of a reaction divided by substrate concentration.
    C. substrate concentration in moles/liter necessary to achieve half the maximum velocity of a reaction.
    D. maximum velocity divided by half the substrate concentration in moles necessary to achieve maximum velocity.
    29. In the relationship between the concentrations of substrate and the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction, the existence of a limited value (Vmax) of the reaction rate is due primarily to the

    A. exhaustion of the substrate supply.
    B. saturation of the enzyme with substrate.
    C. inhibition of the enzyme by the reaction products.
    D. denaturation of the enzyme at higher substrate concentrations.
    E. balance between the increase in reaction rate with increasing substrate concentrations and accelerated destruction of the enzyme at higher substrate concentrations.




    ENZYMES (Continued)

    30. If the presence of a specific compound, C, increases the Km for an enzyme-substrate reaction, which of the following would be true about that enzyme?

    A. C would be a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme.
    B. C would be a noncompetitive inhibitor of the enzyme.
    C. The velocity vs. [S] plot for the enzyme would be the same with or without C.
    D. With C present, the enzyme would convert substrate to product faster.
    E. With C present, it would take less substrate to drive the reaction to half-maximum velocity than without C.
    31. Protein kinase regulate the activities of key enzymes through which of the following?

    A. Oxidation
    B. Hydrolysis
    C. Acetylation
    D. Phosphorylation
    E. Dephosphorylation








    32. ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase even though ATP also is a substrate for the enzyme. Which of the following types of inhibition BEST explains this phenomenon?

    A. Allosteric
    B. Competitive
    C. Irreversible
    D. Uncompetitive
    E. Noncompetitive
    33. Enzymes for electron transport reactions are most active and concentrated in which of the following structures of the animal cell?

    A. Nuclei
    B. Lysosomes
    C. Microsomes
    D. Mitochondria
    E. All of the above


    34. Sodium fluoride inhibits glycolysis by affecting

    A. amylase
    B. enolase
    C. phosphatase
    D. phosphorylase

    35. Which of the following enzymes converts trypsinogen to trypsin?

    A. Enterokinase
    B. Peptidase
    C. Secretin
    D. Pepsin

    36. Two enzymes that have been postulated to play very important roles in calcification are

    A. enolase and phosphorylase.
    B. alkaline phosphatase and catalase.
    C. pyrophosphatase and carbonic anhydrase.
    D. pyrophosphatase and alkaline phosphatase.
    E. carbonic anhydrase and alkaline phosphatase.
    37. Which of the following enzymes is essentially absent from normal mammalian muscle?

    A. Glucokinase
    B. Phosphorylase
    C. Glucose-6-phosphatase
    D. Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase
    E. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase










    ENZYMES (Continued)

    38. Dental plaque arises primarily as a result of enzymatic reactions using which of the following?

    A. Sucrose and lipid
    B. Sucrose and saliva
    C. Glucose and saliva
    D. Glucose and protein 39. Which of the following liver enzymes, absent from other tissues, gives the liver an advantage over other cells in taking up glucose after a meal?

    A. Glucokinase
    B. Aldolase
    C. Hexokinase
    D. Enolase
    E. Glucose-6-phosphatase


    COLLAGEN

    40. The most abundant protein (by weight) in which the human body is

    A. elastin.
    B. keratin.
    C. albumin.
    D. collagen.
    E. chondroitin.
    41. Alpha-ketoglutarate, oxygen, and ascorbic acid are essential for which of the following processes?

    A. Incorporation of proline
    B. Hydroxylation of proline
    C. Gamma-carboxylation of proline
    D. Oxidative deamination of lysine
    E. Activation of procollagen peptidase

    42. Which of the following statements concerning collagen is INCORRECT?

    A. Collagen has a trihelical structure.
    B. The molecular weight of collagen is above 100,000
    C. Hydroxyproline is incorporated into the molecule by tRNA.
    D. Destruction of collagen can be caused by collagenases.
    E. Collagen contains both hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine residues.
    43. Hydroxylation of proline and lysine during collagen biosynthesis occurs

    A. after translation.
    B. in the mitochondrial matrix.
    C. before formation of their respective amino acyl-tRNA’s.
    D. while proline or lysine is bound to the peptidyl (P) site on the ribosome.



    44. The major protein produced by the odontoblast and contained in the organic matrix of dentin is

    A. chitin.
    B. keratin.
    C. elastin.
    D. collagen.
    E. cellulose.
    45. Which of the following do elastin and collagen have in common?

    A. Easily stretched
    B. Absence of proline
    C. Disulfide crosslinking
    D. Triple helix structure
    E. About one-third glycine











    HEMOGLOBIN

    46. The physiologic importance of hemoglobin lies in its ability to combine

    A. irreversibly with oxygen and CO2.
    B. reversibly with oxygen at the ferric heme prosthetic group.
    C. irreversibly with oxygen at the ferrous heme prosthetic group.
    D. reversibly with oxygen at the ferrous heme prosthetic group.
    E. None of the above
    47. Which of the following is NOT a part of the hemoglobin molecule?

    A. Iron
    B. Protein
    C. Magnesium
    D. Histidine
    E. Pyrrole ring




    48. Assuming that P50 = 26 torrs, under conditions where pO2 = 30 torrs, the average number of O2 molecules bound per hemoglobin molecule is closest to

    A. 0.5.
    B. less than 1.
    C. almost 2.
    D. greater than 2.
    E. greater than 3.
    49. The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen diminishes as which of the following is decreased?

    A. pH
    B. CO2
    C. Temperature
    D. Hydrogen ion concentration
    E. 2, 3 bisphosphoglyceric acid (BPG)


    50. The consequence of appreciable conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin is

    A. a significant increase in carbon dioxide combining power.
    B. a significant decrease in carbon dioxide combining power.
    C. no effect on the ability of blood to pick up oxygen.
    D. a noticeable increase in the ability of blood to pick up oxygen.
    E. a noticeable decrease in the ability of blood to transport oxygen.
    51. Compared with hemoglobin A, the substitution of a valine for a glutamic acid residue in hemoglobin S results from

    A. a genetic mutation
    B. irradiation of hemoglobin A.
    C. proteolytic action in the liver.
    D. exposure to low oxygen tension.






















    PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

    52. The process by which genetic information flows from RNA to protein is

    A. mutation.
    B. replication.
    C. translation.
    D. transcription.


    53. Which of the following enzymes or processes ensures that the correct amino acid is incorporated for a particular codon during protein synthesis?

    A. Amino Acyl-tRNA synthetase
    B. Ribosomal protein synthesis
    C. Post-transcription splicing
    D. RNA synthetase
    E. Helicase

    54. Polyuridylic acid in a cell-free system capable of protein synthesis results in production of polyphenylalanine. In this system, polyuridylic acid functions as

    A. DNA.
    B. transfer RNA.
    C. messenger RNA.
    D. ribosomal RNA.
    E. mitochondrial RNA.
    55. The termination of synthesis of a polypeptide is believed to involve

    A. nonsense codons.
    B. anticodon-codon interaction.
    C. tRNA which cannot bind amino acids.
    D. hydrolysis of messenger RNA.
    E. none of the above.



    56. In prokaryotic protein synthesis, the elongation factor G serves to

    A. form the initiation complex.
    B. facilitate the binding of Fmet tRNA.
    C. translocate the growing peptide chain and to move the ribosome along the mRNA.
    D. prevent the larger ribosomal subunits from binding with those that are smaller.
    57. Streptomycin is an antibiotic which inhibits the process of

    A. translation in eukaryotes.
    B. translation in prokaryotes.
    C. transcription in eukaryotes.
    D. transcription in prokaryotes.
    E. DNA replication in prokaryotes.
    58. Each of the following represents an amino acid found in proteins and used directly in the reactions of protein synthesis EXCEPT one. Which one is this EXCEPTION?

    A. Proline
    B. Arginine
    C. Tryptophan
    D. Asparagine
    E. Hydroxylysine


    CARBOHYDRATES

    59. Hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrase yields

    A. glucose only.
    B. glucose and maltose.
    C. glucose and fructose.
    D. glucose and galactose.
    E. fructose and maltose.
    60. The arrangement of sugars into D- and L- configurations is based upon their resemblance to D- and L-

    A. glycine.
    B. glucose.
    C. fructose.
    D. glyceraldehyde.
    E. None of the above

    CARBOHYDRATES (Continued)

    61. Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?

    A. Amylose
    B. Glucose
    C. Fructose
    D. Glyceraldehyde
    E. Glucuronic acid
    62. Some carbohydrates convert Cu2+ ions to Cu+ ions. This property is related to their ability to act as

    A. a reducing agent.
    B. an oxidizing agent.
    C. both a reducing agent and an oxidizing agent.
    D. neither a reducing agent nor an oxidizing agent.

    63. What linkages occur in glycogen at branch points between glucose units?

    A. Aplpha-1,4
    B. Alpha-1,6
    C. Beta-1,3
    D. Beta-1,4
    E. Beta-1,6
    64. How many anomeric carbons are present in a fructose molecule?

    A. 0
    B. 1
    C. 2
    D. 5
    E. 6

    65. Carbohydrate is stored in the body principally as

    A. glucose.
    B. maltose.
    C. sucrose.
    D. glycogen.
    E. glycosaminoglycans.


    66. Which of the following molecule features contributes to the water-binding properties of proteoglycans?

    A. The carboxyl groups acting as buffers
    B. Central hyaluronate (a helix) trapping water within
    C. The space between the core proteins and the hyaluronate being highly charged.
    D. The large number of alcohol groups on the polysaccharide chaining H-bond to water.
    E. The large number of serine and theronine residues in the core protein offering H-bonding sites.

    67. Which of the following functions as part of the extracellular matrix?

    A. Mucin
    B. Heparin
    C. Collaginase
    D. Chondroitin sulfate
    E. Dolichol phosphate
    68. Each of the following is a glycosaminoglycan EXCEPT one. Which one is this EXCEPTION?

    A. Chondroitin sulfate
    B. Dermatan sulfate
    C. Hyaluronic acid
    D. Heparan sulfate
    E. Keratin
    69. Glycosaminoglycans function as important structural components of

    A. glycogen.
    B. nucleic acids.
    C. hyaluronidase.
    D. connective tissue.
    70. The carbohydrate in highest concentration in resting muscle is

    A. glucose.
    B. lactose.
    C. sucrose.
    D. glycogen.
    E. inositol.




    CARBOHYDRATES (Continued)

    71. The most biologically important physiochemical property of connective tissue which is regulated by its mucopolysaccharide molecules is

    A. viscosity.
    B. buffering capacity.
    C. solubility in dilute acides.
    D. supersaturation with calcium ions.


    NUCLEIC ACIDS

    72. Which of the following is a pyrimidine base that is present in RNA but is NOT present in DNA?

    A. Uracil
    B. Guanine
    C. Thymine
    D. Adenine
    E. Cytosine
    73. Which of the following bonds link the monomeric units of nucleic acids?

    A. Ionic
    B. Peptide
    C. Thioester
    D. Glycosidic
    E. Phosphodiester

    74. In the DNA molecule, guanine on 1 strand is joined to cytosine on the complementary strand by which of the following bonds?

    A. Amide
    B. 1 hydrogen
    C. 2 hydrogen
    D. 3 hydrogen
    E. Phosphodiester
    75. As DNA is denatured, each of the following events take place EXCEPT one. Which event is this EXCEPTION?

    A. Total G-C content of total DNA increasing
    B. UV light absorption increasing
    C. Complementary strands becoming random coils
    D. Base stacking becoming disrupted
    E. Hydrogen bond breaking

    76. Which of the following are NOT produced by the hydrolysis of nucleic acids?

    A. Pentoses
    B. Phosphates
    C. Amino acids
    D. Purine bases
    E. Pyrimidine bases

    77. The function of which of the following types of nucleic acid is to activate and select specific amino acids for protein synthesis?

    A. rRNA
    B. mRNA
    C. cDNA
    D. tRNA
    E. hnRNA

    78. If the molar percentage of A (adenine) in a native DNA specimen is 22%, then what is the molar content of G (guanine)?

    A. 22%
    B. 28%
    C. 44%
    D. 56%
    E. 78%

    79. The degenerate nature of the genetic code implies

    A. a common tRNA for at least two amino acids.
    B. that a remarkable degree of inaccuracy occurs in transcription.
    C. the existence of multiple codons for each amino acid.
    D. the existence of multiple species of ribosomes for control of messenger translation.


    NUCLEIC ACIDS (Continued)

    80. Transcription is the cellular process of making

    A. new DNA.
    B. RNA from DNA.
    C. proteins from amino acids by way of RNA.
    D. none of the above.
    81. Which of the following is true of the Tm (melting temperature) of a given DNA double helix?

    A. Is a function of the base composition
    B. Can be used to accurately predict its molecular weight
    C. Can be measured by observing the change in chemical composition
    D. Is higher if individual strands of the DNA double helix are parallel rather than antiparallel

    82. DNA damage by ultraviolet light is due to

    A. alkylation of the guanine in DNA.
    B. excessive unwinding of the DNA molecule
    C. frequent replacement in the DNA molecule of purines by pyrimidines.
    D. induction of dimerization by way of covalent bonds between adjacent thymine groups.
    83. Each of the following is involved in gene cloning EXCEPT one. Which one is this EXCEPTION?

    A. DNA ligase
    B. RNA polymerase
    C. DNA polymerase I
    D. Restriction nucleases
    E. Reverse transcriptase

    84. Plasmid vectors suitable for cloning have which of the following characteristics?

    A. Must be able to replicate synchronously with the host chromosome
    B. Several unique recognition sequences for one restriction enzyme
    C. Two genes conferring resistance to different antibiotics
    D. Large size to facilitate plasmid’s entry into cells
    85. The polymerase chain reaction is MOST useful for which of the following?

    A. Preparing enzymes that synthesize nucleic acids
    B. Isolating the genome of an organism
    C. Amplifying a specific DNA sequence
    D. Separating polyclonal antibodies
    E. Synthesizing RNA and DNA




    LIPIDS

    86. Which of the following is LEAST descriptive of lipids?

    A. Nonpolar
    B. Carbon-containing
    C. Amphipathic
    D. Hydrophilic
    87. Which of the following substances represents an unsaturated fatty acid?

    A. Cholesterol
    B. Palmitate
    C. Stearate
    D. Choline
    E. Oleate

    88. Upon complete hydrogenation, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids yield

    A. stearic acid.
    B. myristic acid.
    C. palmitoleic acid.
    D. arachidonic acid.
    E. multiple acetate fragments.
    89. Which of the following classes of steroids contain 18 carbons and an aromatic ring?

    A. Estrogens
    B. Androgens
    C. Progestagens
    D. Glucocorticoids
    E. Mineralocorticoids



    LIPIDS (Continued)

    90. Gangliosides are glycolipids found on various cell surfaces. In addition to sphinogosine, their unit composition contains another characteristic component. This component is

    A. uronic acid.
    B. plasmalogen.
    C. triglyceride.
    D. N-acetylmuramic acid.
    E. N-acetylneuraminic acid.
    91. Neutral fats contain mixtures of one or more fatty acids esterified with

    A. sterol.
    B. glycerol.
    C. lecithin.
    D. sphinogosine.
    E. alcohols of high molecular weight.


    92. In addition to phosphoric acid, which of the following are the products of hydrolysis of lecithin?

    A. Glycerol, fatty acids, serine
    B. Glycerol, fatty acids, choline
    C. Sphingosine, acetic acid, inositol
    D. Glyceraldehyde, fatty acids, choline
    E. Glyceraldehyde, fatty acids, ethanolamine
    93. Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?

    A. Acetic
    B. Stearic
    C. Myristic
    D. Palmitic
    E. Arachidonic

    94. Carbon dioxide or bicarbonate is required in the biosynthesis of fatty acids because

    A. the bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer system is very efficient at the pH optimum of this sensitive enzyme system.
    B. bicarbonate is a positive effector for this system and favorably alters the conformation of its enzymes.
    C. carbon dioxide is incorporated into acetyl coenzyme A forming malonyl coenzyme A, an intermediate in the synthetic process.
    D. carbon dioxide is incorporated into carbamyl phosphate, a reactive intermediate in the synthetic process.
    E. carbon dioxide provides an anaerobic environment that prevents oxidation of the sulfhydryl groups in the reactive sites of the enzyme system.
    95. The enzyme catalyzing the rate-controlling step in the de novo synthesis of fatty acids is regulated allosterically by the positive modulator

    A. ATP.
    B. NADPH.
    C. Citrate.
    D. cyclic AMP.
    E. oxaloacetate.



    96. The pathway of extramitochondrial synthesis of even-numbered fatty acids differs from that of the catabolism of fatty acids in that

    A. malonyl CoA is an intermediate in synthesis.
    B. acyl carrier protein is needed in catabolism.
    C. no flavoprotein enzymes are required for catabolism.
    D. propionyl CoA may serve as an intermediate in synthesis.
    97. Beta oxidation of a mole of an 18 carbon fatty acid under physiologic conditions produces

    A. one mole of acetic acid.
    B. nine moles of acetyl CoA.
    C. nine moles of acetic acid.
    D. one mole of acetoacetic acid.
    E. one mole of hydroxybutyric acid.






    LIPIDS (Continued)

    98. Sodium taurocholate and glycocholate are necessary for the absorption of

    A. sucrose.
    B. glycerol.
    C. amino acids.
    D. fatty acids.
    E. nucleic acids.



    99. After functioning in the small intestines, the largest portion of bile salts are

    A. excreted in the feces.
    B. reabsorbed into the central lacteal.
    C. destroyed by bacteria in the large intestines.
    D. reabsorbed into the portal circulation and reused.
    E. removed from the circulation by the kidneys and excreted in the urine.
    100. Which of the following is MOST often associated with free fatty acid transport in human blood?

    A. Albumin
    B. Globulin
    C. Cholesterol
    D. Sphingolipid
    E. Mucopolysaccharide 101. Triglyceride absorbed into the lymphatic system is transported to the liver as which of the following?

    A. Very low density lipoprotein
    B. Low density lipoprotein
    C. Chylomicrons
    D. Liposomes
    E. Micelles

    102. Which of the following compounds is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol?

    A. Squalene
    B. Hexosamine
    C. Cholic acid
    D. Pregnanediol
    E. Deoxycholic acid


    MEMBRANES

    103. The major lipids that make up the cell membrane are

    A. triglycerides.
    B. sphingomyelins.
    C. phospholipids.
    D. fatty acids.
    E. steroids.
    104. The most abundant nonphospholipid component of the cell membrane is

    A. cholesterol.
    B. deoxycholate.
    C. prostaglandin.
    D. macroglobulin.
    E. triacylglyceride.

    105. Each of the following lipid classes is incorporated into membranes EXCEPT one. Which one is this EXCEPTION?

    A. Cholesterol
    B. Ganglioside
    C. Triglyceride
    D. Sphingomyelin
    E. Phosphatidylcholine
    106. Which of the following represents a polyunsaturated fatty acid that is commonly found in animal cell membranes?

    A. Oleic
    B. Lactic
    C. Sialic
    D. Stearic
    E. Linoleic



    MEMBRANES (Continued)

    107. The fluid-mosaic model for membrane structure proposes that

    A. the outer and inner faces of the membrane are identical.
    B. peripheral proteins are situated only on the outer face of the plasma membrane.
    C. integral proteins are associated with the hydrophobic phase of the bilayer.
    D. both polar and nonpolar ends of membrane phospholipids are within the hydrophobic phase of the bilayer. 108. The major driving force for formation of a lipid micelle is

    A. protein-lipid interaction.
    B. hydrophobic interaction between hydrocarbon tails.
    C. hydrogen bonding between water molecules of the micellar core.
    D. electrostatic interaction between the micellar core and polar heads.



    109. Which of the following molecules would likely form a micelle when mixed with water and agitated?

    A. Serine
    B. Glycerol
    C. Phospholipid
    D. Triglyceride


    110. The rapid movement of a substance across a biologic membrane against a concentration gradient requires

    A. that the substance be negatively charged.
    B. participation of an energy-requiring active transport system.
    C. that the substance be readily soluble in the lipid barrier of the membrane.
    D. that the substance be carried across the membrane by rapid influx of the solvent.
    E. facilitated diffusion of the substance aided by some binding system in the membrane

    111. Mediated (facilitated) diffusion of substances across cell membranes differs from simple diffusion in that mediated diffusion

    A. requires ATP.
    B. requires another solute.
    C. is a one-directional process.
    D. exhibits saturation kinetics.
    112. Which of the following features distinguishes active transport from facilitated diffusion?

    A. Specificity
    B. Carrier-mediated
    C. Requires metabolic energy
    D. Presence of a transport maximum (Tm)



    METABOLISM

    113. Reactions that have unfavorable energetics (i.e., + ∆G0) in metabolic pathways may be driven to completion by which of the following processes?

    A. Coupling
    B. Allosterism
    C. Modification
    D. Microscopic reversibility
    114. A common intermediate of metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids is

    A. glycerol.
    B. acetyl CoA.
    C. acetoacetate.
    D. oxaloacetate.
    E. acetylcholine.









    METABOLISM (Continued)

    115. A number of catabolic pathways are allosterically inhibited by an increase in the concentration of which of the following?

    A. ADP
    B. AMP
    C. ATP
    D. NAD+
    E. Pyruvate
    116. In the glycolytic sequence, the enzyme that brings about the transition from 6-carbon metabolites to 3-carbon metabolites is

    A. phosphoglucoisomerase.
    B. phosphofructokinase.
    C. phosphorylase.
    D. hexokinase.
    E. aldolase.

    117. Under strict anaerobic conditions, the catabolism of one glucose molecule would yield a net of

    A. 2 ATP and 2 lactic acid molecules.
    B. 4 ATP and 2 lactic acid molecules.
    C. 2 ATP and 2 pyruvic acid molecules.
    D. 4 ATP and 2 pyruvic acid molecules.

    118. Muscle glycogen does not yield blood glucose directly but liver glycogen does because

    A. hexokinase is not present in liver.
    B. muscle cells are impermeable to glucose.
    C. muscle does not contain phosphoglucomutase.
    D. muscle glycogen differs in structure from liver glycogen.
    E. glucose-6-phosphatase is not present in muscle.

    119. Enzymes that catalyze the anaerobic processes of carbohydrate metabolism are found predominantly in which part of a cell?

    A. Cytoplasm
    B. Membrane
    C. Cell wall
    D. Nucleus
    E. Mitochondria 120. Cyclic 3’, 5’-AMP increases the rate of glycogenolysis by

    A. promoting the formation of a phosphorylated form of glycogen phosphorylase.
    B. serving as a substrate for glycogen phosphorylase.
    C. serving as a precursor of 5’ AMP which is a cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase.
    D. furnishing phosphate for the phosphorolysis of glycogen.

    121. Consider the conversion: alanine – lactic acid – glucose. This is an example of

    A. glycolysis.
    B. glycogenolysis.
    C. gluconeogenesis.
    D. synthesis of glycerol.


    122. Energy for ATP synthesis is derived from the electron transport system by which of the following processes?

    A. Transamination
    B. Aldolization
    C. Reductive synthesis
    D. Oxidative deamination
    E. Oxidative phosphorylation











    METABOLISM (Continued)

    123. The chemical energy generated by mitochondrial electron transport results from which of the following?

    A. Excess H+ in the matrix
    B. An H+ gradient across the inner membrane
    C. The formation of thioesters in the matrix
    D. A conformational change in the inner membrane




    124. Functions of the hexose monophosphate shunt include the production of

    (1) NADP for lactate oxidation.
    (2) NADPH for fatty acid synthesis.
    (3) glucuronic acid for heparin synthesis.
    (4) D-ribose for nucleic acid synthesis.
    (5) ATP for anaerobic muscle contraction.

    A. (1), (3), and (5)
    B. (1) and (4)
    C. (2), (3), and (5)
    D. (2) and (4)
    E. (3) only
    125. Which of the following represents the chemical substance that is the immediate source of energy for muscle contraction?

    A. Glycogen
    B. Acetyl CoA
    C. Lactic acid
    D. Creatine phosphate
    E. Adenosine triphosphate 126. The tricarboxylic acid cycle is initiated by the condensation of which of the following two molecules?

    A. Pyruvate and malate
    B. NAD+ and oxaloacetate
    C. NAD+ and oxalosuccinate
    D. Acetyl coenzyme A and oxaloacetate
    E. Acetyl coenzyme A and oxalosuccinate

    127. Enzymes concerned with the citric acid cycle are found in the

    A. nucleus.
    B. ribosomes.
    C. mitochondria.
    D. nonparticulate cytoplasm.
    E. None of the above
    128. Acids found in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle are

    A. glutamic acid and succinic acid.
    B. glucuronic acid and aspartic acid.
    C. oxaloacetic acid and aspartic acid.
    D. oxaloacetic acid and pyruvic acid.
    E. oxaloacetic acid and α-ketoglutaric acid.

    129. If protein is catabolized for energy, then MOST of the energy is derived from which of the following?

    A. Urea production
    B. Oxidative deamination
    C. Transamination reactions
    D. Cleavage of peptide bonds
    E. Oxidation of α-keto acids derived from amino acids.
    130. Which of the following is the FIRST step in the catabolism of many amino acids?

    A. Formation of a dipeptide with glutamate
    B. Conjugation of the alpha amino to glucuronate
    C. Transamination of the alpha amino to a keto acid
    D. Conjugation of the alpha carboxyl group to glucuronate
    E. Decarboxylation of the alpha carboxyl group to form a primary amine










    METABOLISM (Continued)

    131. Which of the following statements is NOT true about ammonia and the α-amino group of amino acids?

    A. NH+4 is formed from glutamine in the kidney.
    B. The amino group in carbamyl phosphate is directly donated by aspartate in a transamination reaction.
    C. Cellular levels of ammonia must be maintained at low concentrations because of its toxicity.
    D. Glutamate dehydrogenase can catalyze the formation of glutamate from ammonia and α-ketoglutarate using NADPH as a cofactor. 132. The level of nonprotein nitrogen in the blood is due principally to the level of which of the following?

    A. Urea
    B. Ammonia
    C. Creatine
    D. Arginine
    E. Uric acid







    133. What is the product P in the following reaction?

    α-ketoglutarate + alanine = pyruvate + P

    A. Glutamate
    B. Glutamine
    C. Aspartate
    D. Succinate
    E. Pyridoxine phosphate
    134. Which of the following tissues is primarily responsible for formation of urea?

    A. Liver
    B. Brain
    C. Kidney
    D. Muscle

    135. After prolonged acidosis, which of the following represents the nitrogenous product that is excreted in high amounts in the urine?

    A. Urea
    B. Ammonia
    C. Uric acid
    D. Creatinine
    E. Aspartic acid
    136. Excessive utilization of fats by the body as a source of energy during disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism can lead to all of the following conditions EXCEPT

    A. ketosis.
    B. acidosis.
    C. ketonuria.
    D. alkalosis.

    137. In relative insulin insufficiency, acetyl CoA is usually channeled into

    A. ketone-body formation.
    B. cholesterol synthesis.
    C. fatty-acid synthesis.
    D. gluconeogenesis.
    E. the Krebs cycle
    138. The ketone body acetoacetate is synthesized inside mitochondria of hepatocytes by

    A. carboxylation of pyruvic acid.
    B. transamination of aspartic acid.
    C. cleavage of β-hydroxy- β-methylglutaryl CoA.
    D. oxidative decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate.
    E. oxidation of L-β-hydroxybutyrate followed by deacylation.








    METABOLISM (Continued)

    139. The final step in the complete metabolism of fat is carried out by means of

    A. anaerobic glycolysis.
    B. the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
    C. the reductive fixation of CO2.
    D. the hexose monophosphate shunt.
    E. the Krebs-Henseleit (urea) cycle.




    140. Mobilization of fat stored in adipocytes involves

    A. activation of fatty acids by synthesis of acyl CoA.
    B. rearrangement of fatty acids in triglycerides.
    C. phosphorylation of glycerol at the expense of ATP.
    D. activation of triglyceride lipase by ADP.
    E. activation of triglyceride lipase by a cAMP dependent protein kinase.
    141. How do inadequate insulin levels, such as those which occur in diabetes mellitus, affect fat metabolism?

    A. Glucose utilization is increased.
    B. Utilization of fat for energy is increased.
    C. Storage of cholesterol by the Kupffer cells is increased.
    D. Level of beta-hydroxybutyric acid in the urine is depressed.
    142. Prostaglandins are made within cells

    A. on an RNA template.
    B. on rough endoplasmic reticulum.
    C. from methionine.
    D. from progesterone.
    E. from polyunsaturated fatty acids.




    143. The metabolite, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is derived MOST immediately from

    A. ergosterol.
    B. cholesterol.
    C. 7-dehydro-sitosterol.
    D. 7-dehydro-cholesterol.
    E. 22-dihydro-ergosterol.
    144. Which of the following is necessary for de novo synthesis of cholesterol?

    A. NAD+
    B. NADH
    C. NADP+
    D. NADPH
    E. FADH2

    145. Most endogenous cholesterol in the liver is usually converted into which of the following?

    A. Glucose
    B. Steroids
    C. Cholic acid
    D. Oxaloacetate
    E. Ketone bodies

    146. Ribose phosphate needed for nucleic acid synthesis can be derived from

    A. gluconeogenesis.
    B. the pentose phosphate pathway.
    C. the Krebs’ tricarboxylic acid cycle.
    D. decarboxylation of aromatic amino acids.
    E. one-carbon transfer from tetrahydrofolate derivatives.

    147. Purine ribonucleoside phosphates are all synthesized de novo from the common intermediate

    A. inosine phosphate.
    B. guanosine phosphate.
    C. adenosine phosphate.
    D. guanosine diphosphate.
    E. deoxyadenosine phosphate.
    148. Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the formation of uric acid from purines?

    A. Urease
    B. Uricase
    C. Xanthine oxidase
    D. Aspartate transcarbamoylase
    E. Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase





    METABOLISM (Continued)

    149. Which of the following is a source of transferable methyl groups in metabolism?

    A. Valine
    B. Choline
    C. Leucine
    D. Isoleucine
    150. Coenzyme A participates in

    A. formylation.
    B. protein synthesis.
    C. methionine activation.
    D. activation of carboxyl groups.


    151. Tay-Sach disease is associated with an inborn error of metabolism involving a specific enzyme which normally degrades a particular molecule in the gray matter. This enzyme acts on which of the following?

    A. Polysaccharides
    B. Acylglycerols
    C. Gangliosides
    D. Fatty acids
    E. Proteins 152. Glucosuria with hyperglycemia usually occurs in which of the following?

    A. Pellagra
    B. Addison’s disease
    C. Diabetes mellitus
    D. Diabetes insipidus
    E. Parkinson’s disease





    VITAMINS

    153. Which of the following is a vitamin?

    A. Adenine
    B. Inosine
    C. Xanthine
    D. Thyroxin
    E. Pyridoxine
    154. The general reaction for the transfer of a “one-carbon fragment” requires the coenzyme

    A. pyridoxal phosphate.
    B. tetrahydrofolic acid.
    C. thiamine pyrophosphate.
    D. flavin adenine dinucleotide.
    E. diphosphopyridine nucleotide.

    155. Pantothenic acid is an integral part of

    A. NAD+.
    B. cobalamin.
    C. folic acid.
    D. coenzyme A.
    E. pyridoxine phosphate.
    156. Derivatives of riboflavin and niacin function as

    A. CO2 acceptors
    B. coenzymes in redox reactions.
    C. factors in transamination reactions.
    D. replacements for each other in biologic reactions.


    157. A vitamin derivative concerned with conversion of glucose to lactic acid is

    A. thiamine (as cocarboxylase).
    B. pantothenic acid (as coenzyme A).
    C. pyridoxal (as pyridoxal phosphate).
    D. nicotinamide (as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).

    158. Which of the following vitamins is necessary as a coenzyme in the initial steps of fatty acid synthesis?

    A. Biotin
    B. Thiamine
    C. Vitamin A
    D. Vitamin D
    E. Riboflavin






    VITAMINS (Continued)

    159. Which of the following is required for vitamin D3 synthesis?

    A. Decarboxylation in the liver
    B. UV activation of precursors in skin
    C. Metabolism by gut bacteria
    D. Deamination in the kidney
    160. Hydroxylation at the 1 position of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol occurs primarily in the

    A. skin.
    B. liver.
    C. kidney.
    D. intestinal mucosa.

    161. Vitamin A functions to

    A. prevent pellagra.
    B. promote absorption of calcium.
    C. promote differentiation of epithelial cells.
    D. maintain the integrity of connective tissues.

    162. A deficiency of vitamin A in a developing tooth most likely affects the

    A. pulp.
    B. enamel.
    C. dentin.
    D. cementum.

    163. The effect of a vitamin C deficiency on the developing tooth is primarily on the calcification of dentin and cementum. This can best be explained by which of the following statements?

    A. This does happen, but the reason is obscure.
    B. Dentin is the most sensitive tissue in the body to a vitamin C deficiency.
    C. Vitamin C influences the formation of collagen, the organic matrix found in dentin and cementum.
    D. Vitamin C has metabolic interrelations with other vitamins that have a greater influence on dentin and cementum than on enamel.
    E. The vascular system is more important to these tissues than to enamel and, in an avitaminosis C, the vascular system is subject to hemorrhage.
    164. Which of the following is a function of vitamin B6 (pyrodoxal phosphate)?

    A. Prevents pernicious anemia
    B. Allows adaptation to dim light
    C. Acts as coenzyme in transamination reaction
    D. Prevents microcytic hypochromic anemia




    165. Which of the following is NOT involved as a cofactor in formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate?

    A. NAD+
    B. FAD
    C. Pyridoxine
    D. Lipoic acid
    E. Thiamine pyrophosphate
    166. A derivative of vitamin K is the coenzyme for which of the following?

    A. Production of menadiol
    B. Esterfication of retinol
    C. Hydrolysis of peptide bonds
    D. Cross-linking of fibrinogen
    E. Carboxylation of glutamate side chains








    VITAMINS (Continued)

    167. The function of vitamin K is involved directly with

    A. synthesis of prothrombin.
    B. activation of the Stuart factor.
    C. regulation of calcium in the blood.
    D. conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
    E. transcriptional control for fibrinogen synthesis.
    168. Which of the following vitamins can be supplied to humans by the normal action of intestinal flora?

    A. A
    B. D
    C. E
    D. K
    E. None of the above

    169. Osteoblasts form the organic matrix of bone prior to calcification of the tissue. This process requires vitamins

    A. A and B12.
    B. A and C.
    C. A and D.
    D. C and E.
    E. D and E. 170. To which of the following avitaminoses is the gingival most susceptible?

    A. A
    B. B2
    C. B6
    D. C
    E. Niacin



    NUTRITION

    171. Some amino acids need not be present in the diet of an animal because of the animal’s ability to synthesize the acids at an adequate rate. A principal source of carbon for these amino acids is

    A. nucleic acids.
    B. carbon dioxide.
    C. metabolism of carbohydrates.
    D. methylene folic acid derivatives.
    172. Negative nitrogen balance (nitrogen excretion > intake) may be cause by

    A. growth.
    B. protein synthesis.
    C. dietary lack of essential amino acid.
    D. synthesis and catabolism of equal amounts of body protein.



    173. Which of the following groups includes only amino acids essential for humans?

    A. Valine, serine, leucine
    B. Leucine, lysine, glycine
    C. Tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan
    D. Phenylalanine, methionine, proline
    E. Tryptophan, methionine, isoleucine
    174. Which of the following amino acids lessens the need for phenylalanine?

    A. Lysine
    B. Leucine
    C. Glycine
    D. Tyrosine
    E. Tryptophan

    175. A diet rich in tryptophan offsets a deficiency of which of the following vitamins?

    A. Niacin
    B. Thiamine
    C. Riboflavin
    D. None of the above

    176. A deficiency of rhodopsin is most likely caused by decreased dietary intake of

    A. glucose.
    B. adenine.
    C. vitamin A.
    D. tryptophan.
    E. riboflavin.





    NUTRITION (Continued)

    177. Lipid is required in the average diet because it

    A. has a high caloric value.
    B. provides essential fatty acids.
    C. aids in absorption of carbohydrates.
    D. is necessary for storage of carbohydrates.


    178. A deficiency of choline in the diet can cause abnormalities in the metabolism of

    A. lipids.
    B. proteins.
    C. minerals.
    D. carbohydrates.
    E. nucleoproteins.

    179. Purine bases taken in the human diet in the form of DNA or RNA are mostly

    A. excreted as urea.
    B. excreted in the form of uric acid.
    C. reused and converted to ATP needed as a source of energy.
    D. broken down to give NH3 and either malonic acid or methylmalonic acid.
    180. Which of the following minerals are most frequently in short supply in American diet?

    A. Calcium and iron
    B. Calcium and iodine
    C. Sulfur and potassium
    D. Iodine, magnesium and iron


    181. Which of the following represents the amount of dietary calcium normally absorbed from the gut of an adult man?

    A. An amount less than 50%
    B. An amount between 60-70%
    C. An amount between 80-100%
    D. An amount dependent up the mucosal ferritin level
    182. A diet deficient in calcium will result in

    A. stimulation of the thyroid gland.
    B. increased ability to cross-link fibrin.
    C. production of calcitonin and a low blood calcium level.
    D. production of parathyroid hormone and bone resorption.


    183. The recommended daily dietary allowances for Ca and P provide a Ca/P intake of approximately

    A. 0.5.
    B. 1.0
    C. 2.0.
    D. 3.0.
    E. 4.0.
    184. Which of the following must be digested before being in a form that can be absorbed by enterocytes?

    A. Monoglycerides
    B. Fatty acids
    C. Fructose
    D. Glycine
    E. Maltose

    185. Which of the following is secreted more during the absorptive state than during the postabsorptive state?

    A. Insulin
    B. Glucagon
    C. Cortisol
    D. Thyroxine
    E. Ephinephrine
    186. A sustained, severe carbohydrate deficiency in the diet will result in which of the following?

    A. Ketoacidosis
    B. Severe metabolic alkalosis
    C. A deficiency in prostaglandin formation
    D. An inability to synthesize ascorbic acid










    HORMONES

    187. Which of the following hormones is a polypeptide?

    A. Epinephrine
    B. Testosterone
    C. Progesterone
    D. Triiodotyronine
    E. Follicle-stimulating hormone
    188. Iodine is primarily important in the biochemical synthesis of

    A. ACTH.
    B. thyroxin.
    C. adrenalin.
    D. calcitonin.
    E. parathyroid hormone.

    189. Which of the following hormones is NOT synthesized from cholesterol?

    A. Progesterone
    B. Testosterone
    C. Estradiol
    D. Cortisol
    E. Relaxin

    190. In which of the following combinations is the name of the hormone, its chemical type and its tissue of origin correctly matched?

    A. Aldosterone-peptide-pancreas
    B. Glucagon-peptide-adrenal cortex
    C. Epinephrine-steroid-adrenal medulla
    D. ACTH-polypeptide-adrenal cortex
    E. Vasopressin-peptide-posterior pituitary

    191. Each of the following characterizes a peptide hormone EXCEPT one. Which one is this EXCEPTION?

    A. Stored in secretory granules
    B. Synthesized in a precursor form
    C. Binds to intracellular receptors
    D. Acts by generating a second messenger
    E. Usually transported unbound in plasma
    192. Which of the following generates a slowly developing long-term response in target tissues by binding to an intracellular receptor?

    A. Glucagon
    B. Estrogen
    C. Prolactin
    D. Growth hormone
    E. Parathyroid hormone

    193. The intracellular, “second” messenger for many peptide and polypeptide hormones is

    A. AMP.
    B. ATP.
    C. cyclic AMP.
    D. adenylate cyclase.
    E. a cytoplasmic receptor.
    194. Epinephrine causes an elevation in cAMP levels in muscle cells which in turn activate

    A. ATPase.
    B. adenyl cyclase.
    C. glycogen synthetase.
    D. glycogen phosphorylase.
    E. glycogen phosphorylase phosphatase.

    195. The hyperglycemic effect of glucagon is mediated primarily through

    A. the growth hormone.
    B. muscle glycolysis.
    C. liver glycogenolysis.
    D. inhibition of cortisol action.
    E. enhanced glucose reabsorption by renal tubules.
    196. Two hormones which act similarly to increase glycogen and lipid breakdown as well as cyclic AMP synthesis are

    A. insulin and calcitonin.
    B. glucagon and epinephrine.
    C. aldosterone and testosterone.
    D. parathyroid hormone and glucagon.

    197. Which of the following takes place as proinsulin is converted to insulin?

    A. Disulfide bonds are formed.
    B. Disulfide bonds are broken.
    C. The polypeptide chain is lengthened.
    D. A segment of the polypeptide chain is removed. 198. Which of the following hormones does NOT induce activation of adenylate cyclase?

    A. Insulin
    B. Glucagon
    C. Epinephrine
    D. Parathyroid hormone


    HORMONES (Continued)

    199. Inhibition of lipolysis, stimulation of protein synthesis and increased entry of glucose into muscles and adipose tissues are biologic actions of the hormone

    A. insulin.
    B. cortisol.
    C. glucagons.
    D. epinephrine.
    E. testosterone.
    200. Which of the following is a principal action of insulin?

    A. To mobilize lipid deposits
    B. To enhance cell permeability to glucose
    C. To decrease cell permeability to glucose
    D. To conserve glucose by breaking down amino acids



    201. Aldosterone is normally associated with partial regulation of which of the following processes?

    A. Sodium balance
    B. Gluconeogenesis
    C. Lipid digestion
    D. Protein degradation
    E. Carbohydrate metabolism

    202. Which of the following BEST explains the primary action of antidiuretic hormone?

    A. It decreases the activity of the Na-K pump in the distal tubule.
    B. It increases the H2O permeability of the collecting ducts and the distal tubules.
    C. It decreases the pore size of the distal tubules and the collecting ducts.
    D. It decreases the glomerular filtration rate.
    E. It inhibits the action of glutaminase.

    203. The parathyroid hormone acts in the body by

    A. decreasing absorption of calcium in the intestinal tract.
    B. accelerating the removal of calcium and phosphate from the skeleton but not from the teeth.
    C. stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver.
    D. decreasing the excretion of sodium and chloride.
    E. All of the above
    204. Each of the following is an effect of parathyroid hormone EXCEPT one. Which one is this EXCEPTION?

    A. Stimulation of 1-alpha-hydroxylase in kidney
    B. Stimulation of osteoclastic activity in bone
    C. Stimulation of calcium reabsorption by kidney
    D. Inhibition of phosphate reabsorption by kidney
    E. Inhibition of intestinal absorption of calcium


    205. Hyperparathyroidism is marked by

    A. chronic tetany.
    B. a high blood calcium level.
    C. retention of phosphates by the kidneys.
    D. storage of excess minerals in the bones.
    E. increased irritability of excitable tissues.
    206. The low serum phosphate level in hyperparathyroidism is caused by

    A. increased renal loss of phosphate.
    B. decreased absorption of phosphate.
    C. increased deposition of calcium phosphate in bone.
    D. increased reabsorption of calcium phosphate from bone.








    HORMONES (Continued)

    207. A parathyroidectomized animal will exhibit which levels of calcium and phosphate ion concentration in the plasma?

    Calcium Phosphate ion
    concentration

    A. Low High
    B. Normal Low
    C. High Low
    D. Normal Normal
    E. Low Low 208. Which of the following are the immediate effects of calcitonin on serum levels of calcium and phosphate?

    Serum calcium Serum phosphate

    A. Increased Increased
    B. Increased Decreased
    C. Decreased Decreased
    D. No change Increased
    E. Decreased No change


    209. Hydrolysis of thyroglobulin liberates a number of iodinated compounds. Two are considered thyroid hormones. These are

    A. tyrosine and thyronine.
    B. tyrosine and diiodotyrosine.
    C. thyroxin and triiodothyronine.
    D. thyroxin and triiodotyrosine.


    210. Thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids and gonadal steroids are similar in that each

    A. is derived from cholesterol.
    B. is derived from amino acids.
    C. acts on only one target organ or tissue.
    D. is released in response to signals from the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary complex.
    E. is released in response to signals from the hypothalamic-posterior pituitary complex.

    211. Which of the following describes the principal mechanism by which glucocorticoids stimulate their target cells?

    A. They activate specific genes.
    B. They activate initiation factors for protein synthesis.
    C. They increase the intracellular Ca++ concentration.
    D. They allosterically modify adenylate cyclase activity.
    E. They bind to cell membrane receptors and activate adenylate cyclase. 212. The physiologically active form of vitamin D produced in the kidney is

    A. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
    B. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.
    C. 7-dehydrocholesterol.
    D. cholecalciferol.
    E. ergosterol.






    213. The gallbladder is caused to contract by the hormone

    A. gastrin.
    B. secretin.
    C. pancreozymin.
    D. enterogastrone.
    E. cholecystokinin. 214. Secretin functions in digestion of proteins by increasing

    A. flow of bile.
    B. secretion of pepsin.
    C. flow of pancreatic juice.
    D. secretion of carboxypeptidase.


    215. Androgens are produced in the testis and

    A. adrenal cortex.
    B. thyroid.
    C. adrenal medulla.
    D. pituitary.
    E. hypothalamus.

    FLUORIDE

    216. The mechanism of systemic fluoride action in reducing dental decay is most likely the result of

    A. an increase in hardness of the tooth.
    B. an inhibition of proteolytic enzymes.
    C. deposition of CaF2 in areas of enamel susceptible to bacterial penetration.
    D. an increase in carbohydrate metabolism in the oral cavity as a result of enzyme inhibition.
    E. a reduction in rate of solubilization of enamel as fluoride content of the tissue increases.
    217. Fluoroapatite can form during hard tissue formation by a (an)

    A. substitution of OH ions by F ions.
    B. reaction between CaF2 and CaHPO4.
    C. reaction of F ions with hydroxylysine residues.
    D. absorption of F ions onto hydroxyapatite crystal surfaces.





    218. Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning fluoride?

    A. It is expected rapidly by the kidney.
    B. It is deposited in calcified tissues.
    C. It occurs only in the ionic form in plasma.
    D. It passes the placental barrier relatively slowly.
    E. At 1 ppm. In water, it is tasteless, odorless and colorless.
    219. The anticaries effect of fluoride is LEAST related to which of the following?

    A. Ion exchange
    B. Decreased solubility
    C. Facilitation of remineralization
    D. Its presence during enamel formation
    E. Activation of plaque polysaccharide hydrolysis

    220. The rate of fluoride incorporation into bone depends upon the

    A. water-mineral ratio.
    B. age of the individual.
    C. rate of bone remodeling or turnover.
    D. amount of ionizable fluoride in the diet.
    E. All of the above
    221. Sodium fluoride inhibits glycolysis by affecting which of the following?

    A. Amylase
    B. Enolase
    C. Phosphatase
    D. Phosphorylase



    BLOOD CLOTTING

    222. A deficiency in vitamin K would affect blood clotting chiefly by

    A. decreasing prothrombin production.
    B. preventing the contraction of the clot.
    C. preventing the reaction of thrombin with fibrinogen.
    D. preventing the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
    E. preventing the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
    223. Platelets play an important role in hemostasis. Which of the following describes this role?

    A. They convert fibrinogen to fibrin.
    B. They agglutinate and plug small, ruptured vessels.
    C. They initiate fibrinolysis in thrombosis.
    D. They supply fibrin stabilizing factor.
    E. They supply proconvertin for thromboplastin activation.







    BLOOD CLOTTING (Continued)

    224. Administration of heparin to a human results in symptoms similar to vitamin K deficiency in that both conditions result in

    A. release of lipoprotein lipase to the blood and rapid clearance of chylomicrons.
    B. and increase in bleeding time due to lack of thrombin formation.
    C. retardation of fibrinogen synthesis by the liver.
    D. elevated non-esterified fatty acids which chelate serum calcium, thus retarding blood clotting.
    225. Which of the following compounds is NOT involved in coagulation of blood?

    A. Fe+2
    B. Ca+2
    C. Prothrombin
    D. Fibrinogen
    E. Thromboplastin




    226. Which of the following represents the normal substrate of thrombin?

    A. Fibrin
    B. Thrombospondin
    C. Prothrombin
    D. Thromboplastin
    E. Fibrinogen
    227. Which of the following ions is involved in blood clotting?

    A. Iron
    B. Sodium
    C. Calcium
    D. Potassium



    BONES AND TEETH

    228. The organic matrix of bone is composed largely of collagen and

    A. lipids.
    B. citrate.
    C. dextrans.
    D. glycosaminoglycans.

    229. Which of the following represent(s) the matrix proteins of enamel?

    A. Carboxylglutamic acid containing proteins
    B. Type I collagen
    C. Amelogenins
    D. Proteoglycans
    E. Elastin

    230. Which of the following explains why enamel is harder than bone?

    A. Enamel crystals are larger and more firmly packed.
    B. Enamel contains amelogenins in its organic matrix.
    C. Enamel contains more magnesium and carbonate.
    D. Enamel crystals have more surface area.
    E. Enamel contains more collagen.
    231. Which of following is the major protein component of cementum?

    A. Elastin
    B. Keratin
    C. Collagen
    D. Amelogenin
    E. Osteonectin




    232. Which of the following noncollagenous protein components BEST characterizes dentin matrix?

    A. Laminin
    B. Vimentin
    C. Phosphophoryn
    D. Osteonectin
    E. Fibronectin 233. Which of the following has a high affinity for binding calcium and collagen in the calcifying matrix?

    A. Calcitonin
    B. Osteogenin
    C. Osteonectin
    D. Amelogenin
    E. Fibronectin
    BONES AND TEETH (Continued)

    234. Protein content of enamel from mature teeth is approximately what per cent of enamel weight?

    A. 0.1-1%
    B. 5-10%
    C. 15-20%
    D. 25-30%
    E. 50-55%
    235. Which of the following functions of bone could be considered the most prominent?

    A. Buffering
    B. Phosphate source
    C. Sodium reservoir
    D. Fluoride reservoir
    E. Calcium reservoir


    236. Which of the following BEST characterizes hydroxyapatite?

    A. Has an amphiphilic surface
    B. Contains 12 ions per unit cell
    C. As found in bone and enamel contains no ion substitutions
    D. Has a higher solubility product constant than fluoroapatite
    237. The lack of which of the following substances during tooth formation most likely induces enamel hypoplasia?

    A. Vitamins A and D
    B. Vitamins C and D
    C. Vitamins C and K
    D. Phosphorus and iron
    E. Calcium and fluoride

    238. Which of the following vitamins is the LEAST likely to be involved in tooth development and calcification?

    A. A
    B. B1
    C. C
    D. D


    239. Which of the following is NOT a theory of the effect of parathyroid hormone on bone?

    A. The hormone influences the rate of bone resorption.
    B. The hormone causes a decrease in new bone formation.
    C. The action on bone is related to its action on phosphate excretion.
    D. The effect of parathyroid extract is to influence osteoclastic activity.

    240. The primary effect of calcitonin is to

    A. increase bone resorption.
    B. inhibit bone resorption.
    C. increase calcium absorption from the intestine.
    D. decrease calcium absorption from the intestine.
    241. Which of the following sweeteners is non-nutritive as well as non-cariogenic?

    A. D-fructose
    B. Saccharin
    C. Galactose
    D. Sorbitol
    E. Maltose

    242. The extracellular polysaccharides synthesized by cariogenic streptococci in the presence of excess sucrose are best described as

    A. amylase.
    B. amylopectin.
    C. mucopolysaccharide.
    D. glycogen-like glucan.
    E. dextran-like glucan.
    243. Which of the following represents a soluble polysaccharide found in dental plaque and is formed from the fructose moiety of sucrose?

    A. Levan
    B. Dextran
    C. Amylopectin
    D. Hyaluronic acid

    ----------------------
    الاجابات فى صفحه التاليه
    حاول تحل اولا بعدين شوف الحل
    على فكره حاولت ارفع ملف ورد منفيش

    شكرا


    [الحمد لله كثيرا وسبحان الله بكره واصيلا لااله الا الله محمد رسول الله
    [](لله ما في السماوات وما في الأرض وإن تبدوا مافي أنفسكم أو تخفوه يحاسبكم به الله فيغفر لمن يشاء ويعذب من يشاء والله على كل شيء قدير ()
يعمل...
X