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Mononucleosis
Mononucleosis, also known as mono, is a disease caused by either the Epstein-Barr virus or the cytomegalovirus. Usually, it is spread though saliva and mucus, but it can be transmitted in other ways. Symptoms of mononucleosis can include fever, swollen lymph nodes, extreme exhaustion, sore throat, and other symptoms. The symptoms usually get better in one or two months without any treatment, and most people can return to work or school after three to four weeks.
Monospot Test
Also known as: Mononucleosis spot test; mononuclear heterophil test; heterophil antibody test; Mono test
Formal name: Heterophil antibody titre
Related tests: Tests for antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigens, Paul-Bunnell test
The Monospot test detects heterophil antibodies, antibodies which react with the cells of other species. Monospot detects reaction with horse red blood cells, and a similar test, the Paul-Bunnell test, detects reaction with sheep red cells. The antibodies are made in response to an infection by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV causes infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever), a self-limiting disease.
Mononucleosis is characterized by the presence of atypical white blood cells (atypical lymphocytes) in an infected person. Patients have these symptoms: fever, sore throat, swollen glands, and fatigue. About 70%–80% of patients with infectious mononucleosis produce these heterophil antibodies, which are not specific for EBV infection but are a good predictor of EBV infection.
Summary
• A monospot test is used to diagnose infectious mononucleosis (often referred to as mono).
• It detects certain antibodies that the body produces to fight the viruses that cause the disease.
• Mononucleosis tests are blood tests to look for antibodies that indicate mononucleosis (mono), which is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or cytomegalovirus (CMV)
• Since it takes awhile for antibodies to develop, the first test can be inaccurate and may need to be repeated one to two weeks after the symptoms first appear.
What Is the Monospot Test?
A monospot test is a blood test that is used to help diagnose mononucleosis, also known as "mono."
How is the sample collected for testing?
A blood (Whole blood) sample is taken by needle from a vein in the arm.
Container: Red top tube ( plain tube).
How Does a Monospot Test Work?
A monospot test works by detecting certain proteins called heterophile antibodies. The body makes these proteins to fight the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) -- the two viruses that cause mono
Mono tests include:
• Monospot test (heterophil test). This quick screening test detects a type of antibody (heterophil antibody) that forms during certain infections. A sample of blood is placed on a microscope slide and mixed with other substances. If heterophil antibodies are present, the blood clumps (agglutinates). This result usually indicates a mono infection. Monospot testing can usually detect antibodies 2 to 9 weeks after a person is infected. It generally is not used to diagnose mono that started more than 6 months earlier.
• EBV antibody test. For this test, a sample of blood is mixed with a substance that attaches to antibodies against EBV. A series of tests can detect different types of antibodies to help determine whether you were infected recently or sometime in the past.
Can a Person With Mono Have a Negative Test?
Since it takes time for antibodies to develop after you're infected, it's possible for the first monospot test to be negative, even if you have the disease. The doctor may need to order or repeat the test one to two weeks after you develop possible symptoms of mono.
At that time, the monospot test comes back positive (meaning that a mono infection is present) in about 85 percent of people with the disease.
Can a Person Without Mono Have a Positive Test?
It's possible for a person to have a positive monospot test and not have mononucleosis. A positive result can also occur in people with:
• Lymphoma
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus)
• Certain gastrointestinal cancers.
Other Tests to Diagnosis Mono
If the doctor suspects mono based on your symptoms and physical exam, he or she can order other tests besides the monospot test. Additional tests that can help your doctor make a mononucleosis diagnosis include:
• A complete blood count (CBC) to see if your blood platelet count is lower than normal and if your lymphocytes (lymph cells) are abnormal
• A chemistry panel to see if your liver enzymes are abnormal.
Also, if your throat is sore, having a throat culture is usually a good idea for several reasons. First, the symptoms of mono and strep infection -- including that caused by strep-A (a particularly serious form of strep bacteria) -- are similar. Second, strep throat or other throat infections can develop at any time during or shortly after mononucleosis.
In any case, it's important that throat infections be diagnosed as soon as possible and treated with antibiotics that can kill the organism responsible for the infection.
Mononucleosis, also known as mono, is a disease caused by either the Epstein-Barr virus or the cytomegalovirus. Usually, it is spread though saliva and mucus, but it can be transmitted in other ways. Symptoms of mononucleosis can include fever, swollen lymph nodes, extreme exhaustion, sore throat, and other symptoms. The symptoms usually get better in one or two months without any treatment, and most people can return to work or school after three to four weeks.
Monospot Test
Also known as: Mononucleosis spot test; mononuclear heterophil test; heterophil antibody test; Mono test
Formal name: Heterophil antibody titre
Related tests: Tests for antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigens, Paul-Bunnell test
The Monospot test detects heterophil antibodies, antibodies which react with the cells of other species. Monospot detects reaction with horse red blood cells, and a similar test, the Paul-Bunnell test, detects reaction with sheep red cells. The antibodies are made in response to an infection by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV causes infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever), a self-limiting disease.
Mononucleosis is characterized by the presence of atypical white blood cells (atypical lymphocytes) in an infected person. Patients have these symptoms: fever, sore throat, swollen glands, and fatigue. About 70%–80% of patients with infectious mononucleosis produce these heterophil antibodies, which are not specific for EBV infection but are a good predictor of EBV infection.
Summary
• A monospot test is used to diagnose infectious mononucleosis (often referred to as mono).
• It detects certain antibodies that the body produces to fight the viruses that cause the disease.
• Mononucleosis tests are blood tests to look for antibodies that indicate mononucleosis (mono), which is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or cytomegalovirus (CMV)
• Since it takes awhile for antibodies to develop, the first test can be inaccurate and may need to be repeated one to two weeks after the symptoms first appear.
What Is the Monospot Test?
A monospot test is a blood test that is used to help diagnose mononucleosis, also known as "mono."
How is the sample collected for testing?
A blood (Whole blood) sample is taken by needle from a vein in the arm.
Container: Red top tube ( plain tube).
How Does a Monospot Test Work?
A monospot test works by detecting certain proteins called heterophile antibodies. The body makes these proteins to fight the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) -- the two viruses that cause mono
Mono tests include:
• Monospot test (heterophil test). This quick screening test detects a type of antibody (heterophil antibody) that forms during certain infections. A sample of blood is placed on a microscope slide and mixed with other substances. If heterophil antibodies are present, the blood clumps (agglutinates). This result usually indicates a mono infection. Monospot testing can usually detect antibodies 2 to 9 weeks after a person is infected. It generally is not used to diagnose mono that started more than 6 months earlier.
• EBV antibody test. For this test, a sample of blood is mixed with a substance that attaches to antibodies against EBV. A series of tests can detect different types of antibodies to help determine whether you were infected recently or sometime in the past.
Can a Person With Mono Have a Negative Test?
Since it takes time for antibodies to develop after you're infected, it's possible for the first monospot test to be negative, even if you have the disease. The doctor may need to order or repeat the test one to two weeks after you develop possible symptoms of mono.
At that time, the monospot test comes back positive (meaning that a mono infection is present) in about 85 percent of people with the disease.
Can a Person Without Mono Have a Positive Test?
It's possible for a person to have a positive monospot test and not have mononucleosis. A positive result can also occur in people with:
• Lymphoma
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus)
• Certain gastrointestinal cancers.
Other Tests to Diagnosis Mono
If the doctor suspects mono based on your symptoms and physical exam, he or she can order other tests besides the monospot test. Additional tests that can help your doctor make a mononucleosis diagnosis include:
• A complete blood count (CBC) to see if your blood platelet count is lower than normal and if your lymphocytes (lymph cells) are abnormal
• A chemistry panel to see if your liver enzymes are abnormal.
Also, if your throat is sore, having a throat culture is usually a good idea for several reasons. First, the symptoms of mono and strep infection -- including that caused by strep-A (a particularly serious form of strep bacteria) -- are similar. Second, strep throat or other throat infections can develop at any time during or shortly after mononucleosis.
In any case, it's important that throat infections be diagnosed as soon as possible and treated with antibiotics that can kill the organism responsible for the infection.
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