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[align=center]Capillary electrophoresis
Introduction
Capillary electrophoresis, or CE, describes a family of techniques used to separate a variety of compounds. These analyses, all driven by an electric field , are performed in narrow tubes and can result in the rapid separation of many hundreds of different compounds. The versatility and number of ways that CE can be used means that almost all molecules, and even whole organisms can be separated using the powerful methods.
There are a number of different ways of performing CE separations. This makes the technique especially useful as it optimised for the separation you are interested in whether this be ensuring purity during manufacture, or diagnosing illness in a hospital. Separations driven by electrophoresis also have a novel separating mechanism. This makes them useful in situations where other liquid phase separation techniques are limited or impractical.
The advantages of capillary electrophoresis are it:
• has very high efficiencies, meaning hundreds of components can be separated at the same time
• requires minute amounts of sample
• is easily automated
• can be used quantitatively
• consumes limited amounts of reagents
Contents
This site contains information on capillary electrophoresis and how it works. It also contains information about the most common ways in which it is used, and practical examples of separations performed with it. There's information about the instrumentation and some tools to help make performing experiments easier.
principles of Capillary electrophoresis
Capillary electrophoresis, which appeared in the early 1980s, is now rapidly expanding into many scientific disciplines, including analytical chemistry, biotechnology and biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. In capillary electrophoresis,electrokinetic separations are carried out in tiny capillaries at high voltages (10-30 kV), thus obtaining high efficiencies (N > 10(5)) and excellent mass sensitivities (down to 10(-18)-10(-20) moles). The main features of capillary electrophoresis are: versatility of application (from inorganic ions to large DNA fragments), use of different separation modes with different selectivity, extremely low demands on sample volume, negligible running costs, possibility of interfacing with different detection systems, ruggedness and simplicity of instrumentation. Capillary electrophoresis applications in forensic sciences have appeared only recently, but are now rapidly growing, particularly in forensic toxicology. The present paper briefly describes the basic principles of capillary electrophoresis, from both the instrumental and analytical points of view. Furthermore, the main applications in the analysis of illicit/controlled drugs in both illicit preparations and biological samples are presented and discussed (43 references). It is concluded that the particular separation mechanism and the high complementarity of this technique to chromatography makes capillary electrophoresis a new powerful tool of investigation in the hands of forensic toxicologists.
(Theory and Modes of HPCE (High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis
• Capillary Electrophoresis: Overview and Perspective
• Theory of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
• Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography
• Band Broadening in Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography
• Capillary Gel Electrophoresis
• Capillary Isoelectric Focusing
• Capillary Isotachophoresis
• Capillary Electrochromatography
Detection Systems in HPCE
• Capillary Electrophoretic Detectors Based on Light
• Electrochemical Detection in High-Performance Capillary Electrophoresis
• Indirect Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis
• High-Performance Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
Operational Aspects and Special Techniques in HPCE
• Sample Introduction and Stacking
• Coated Capillaries in High-Performance Capillary Electrophoresis
• Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis
• Method Validation in Capillary Electrophoresis
• Two-Dimensional Separations in High-Performance Capillary Electrophoresis
• Microfabricated Chemical Separation Devices
Applications of HPCE
• Peptides Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis: Methods Development and Optimization, Sensitivity Enhancement Strategies, and Applications
• Capillary Electrophoresis of Proteins
• Capillary Electrophoresis of Carbohydrates
• DNA Sequencing by Multiplexed Capillary Electrophoresis
• Chiral Separations by Capillary Electrophoresis
• Capillary Electrophoresis of Inorganic Ions
• The Analysis of Pharmaceuticals by Capillary Electrophoresis
• On-Line Immunoaffinity Capillary Electrophoresis for the Determination of Analytes Derived From Biological Fluids
• Microbioanalysis Using On-Line Microreactors-Capillary Electrophoresis Systems
• Electrophoretically Mediated Microanalysis [/align]
[align=center][aldl]http://www.moq3.com/photo/s_thumbnailer-3-2007/n2bv64sg.jpg[/aldl][/align]
Introduction
Capillary electrophoresis, or CE, describes a family of techniques used to separate a variety of compounds. These analyses, all driven by an electric field , are performed in narrow tubes and can result in the rapid separation of many hundreds of different compounds. The versatility and number of ways that CE can be used means that almost all molecules, and even whole organisms can be separated using the powerful methods.
There are a number of different ways of performing CE separations. This makes the technique especially useful as it optimised for the separation you are interested in whether this be ensuring purity during manufacture, or diagnosing illness in a hospital. Separations driven by electrophoresis also have a novel separating mechanism. This makes them useful in situations where other liquid phase separation techniques are limited or impractical.
The advantages of capillary electrophoresis are it:
• has very high efficiencies, meaning hundreds of components can be separated at the same time
• requires minute amounts of sample
• is easily automated
• can be used quantitatively
• consumes limited amounts of reagents
Contents
This site contains information on capillary electrophoresis and how it works. It also contains information about the most common ways in which it is used, and practical examples of separations performed with it. There's information about the instrumentation and some tools to help make performing experiments easier.
principles of Capillary electrophoresis
Capillary electrophoresis, which appeared in the early 1980s, is now rapidly expanding into many scientific disciplines, including analytical chemistry, biotechnology and biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. In capillary electrophoresis,electrokinetic separations are carried out in tiny capillaries at high voltages (10-30 kV), thus obtaining high efficiencies (N > 10(5)) and excellent mass sensitivities (down to 10(-18)-10(-20) moles). The main features of capillary electrophoresis are: versatility of application (from inorganic ions to large DNA fragments), use of different separation modes with different selectivity, extremely low demands on sample volume, negligible running costs, possibility of interfacing with different detection systems, ruggedness and simplicity of instrumentation. Capillary electrophoresis applications in forensic sciences have appeared only recently, but are now rapidly growing, particularly in forensic toxicology. The present paper briefly describes the basic principles of capillary electrophoresis, from both the instrumental and analytical points of view. Furthermore, the main applications in the analysis of illicit/controlled drugs in both illicit preparations and biological samples are presented and discussed (43 references). It is concluded that the particular separation mechanism and the high complementarity of this technique to chromatography makes capillary electrophoresis a new powerful tool of investigation in the hands of forensic toxicologists.
(Theory and Modes of HPCE (High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis
• Capillary Electrophoresis: Overview and Perspective
• Theory of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
• Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography
• Band Broadening in Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography
• Capillary Gel Electrophoresis
• Capillary Isoelectric Focusing
• Capillary Isotachophoresis
• Capillary Electrochromatography
Detection Systems in HPCE
• Capillary Electrophoretic Detectors Based on Light
• Electrochemical Detection in High-Performance Capillary Electrophoresis
• Indirect Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis
• High-Performance Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
Operational Aspects and Special Techniques in HPCE
• Sample Introduction and Stacking
• Coated Capillaries in High-Performance Capillary Electrophoresis
• Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis
• Method Validation in Capillary Electrophoresis
• Two-Dimensional Separations in High-Performance Capillary Electrophoresis
• Microfabricated Chemical Separation Devices
Applications of HPCE
• Peptides Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis: Methods Development and Optimization, Sensitivity Enhancement Strategies, and Applications
• Capillary Electrophoresis of Proteins
• Capillary Electrophoresis of Carbohydrates
• DNA Sequencing by Multiplexed Capillary Electrophoresis
• Chiral Separations by Capillary Electrophoresis
• Capillary Electrophoresis of Inorganic Ions
• The Analysis of Pharmaceuticals by Capillary Electrophoresis
• On-Line Immunoaffinity Capillary Electrophoresis for the Determination of Analytes Derived From Biological Fluids
• Microbioanalysis Using On-Line Microreactors-Capillary Electrophoresis Systems
• Electrophoretically Mediated Microanalysis [/align]
[align=center][aldl]http://www.moq3.com/photo/s_thumbnailer-3-2007/n2bv64sg.jpg[/aldl][/align]
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