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فحص الادرار العامG.U.E.

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  • فحص الادرار العامG.U.E.

    (Urine Test)

    Test Overview
    A urine test checks different components of urine, a waste product made by the kidneys. A regular urine test may be done to help find the cause of symptoms. The test can give information about your health and problems you [/LEFT]may have.
    The kidneys take out waste material, minerals, fluids, and other substances from the blood to be passed in the urine. Urine has hundreds of different body wastes. What you eat, drink, how much you exercise, and how well your kidneys work can affect what is in your urine.
    More than 100 different tests can be done on urine. A regular urinalysis often includes the following tests.
    • Color. Many things affect urine color, including fluid balance, diet, medicines, and diseases. How dark or light the color is tells you how much water is in it. Vitamin B supplements can turn urine bright yellow. Some medicines, blackberries, beets, rhubarb, or blood in the urine can turn urine red-brown.
    • Clarity. Urine is normally clear. Bacteria, blood, sperm, crystals, or mucus can make urine look cloudy.
    • Odor. Urine does not smell very strong, but has a slightly "nutty" odor. Some diseases cause a change in the odor of urine. For example, an infection with E. coli bacteria can cause a bad odor, while diabetes or starvation can cause a sweet, fruity odor.
    • Specific gravity. This checks the amount of substances in the urine. It also shows how well the kidneys balance the amount of water in urine. The higher the specific gravity, the more solid material is in the urine. When you drink a lot of fluid, your kidneys make urine with a high amount of water in it which has a low specific gravity. When you do not drink fluids, your kidneys make urine with a small amount of water in it which has a high specific gravity.
    • pH. The pH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline (basic) the urine is. A urine pH of 4 is strongly acidic, 7 is neutral (neither acidic nor alkaline), and 9 is strongly alkaline. Sometimes the pH of urine is affected by certain treatments. For example, your doctor may instruct you how to keep your urine either acidic or alkaline to prevent some types of kidney stones from forming.
    • Protein. Protein is normally not found in the urine. Fever, hard exercise, pregnancy, and some diseases, especially kidney disease, may cause protein to be in the urine.
    • Glucose. Glucose is the type of sugar found in blood. Normally there is very little or no glucose in urine. When the blood sugar level is very high, as in uncontrolled diabetes, the sugar spills over into the urine. Glucose can also be found in urine when the kidneys are damaged or diseased.
    • Nitrites. Bacteria that cause a urinary tract infection (UTI) make an enzyme that changes urinary nitrates to nitrites. Nitrites in urine show a UTI is present.
    • Leukocyte esterase (WBC esterase). Leukocyte esterase shows leukocytes (white blood cells [WBCs]) in the urine. WBCs in the urine may mean a UTI is present.
    • Ketones. When fat is broken down for energy, the body makes substances called ketones (or ketone bodies). These are passed in the urine. Large amounts of ketones in the urine may mean a very serious condition, diabetic ketoacidosis, is present. A diet low in sugars and starches (carbohydrates), starvation, or severe vomiting may also cause ketones to be in the urine.
    • Microscopic analysis. In this test, urine is spun in a special machine (centrifuge) so the solid materials (sediment) settle at the bottom. The sediment is spread on a slide and looked at under a microscope. Things that may be seen on the slide include:
    o Red or white blood cells. Blood cells are not found in urine normally. Inflammation, disease, or injury to the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra can cause blood in urine. Strenuous exercise, such as running a marathon, can also cause blood in the urine. White blood cells may be a sign of infection or kidney disease.
    o Casts. Some types of kidney disease can cause plugs of material (called casts) to form in tiny tubes in the kidneys. The casts then get flushed out in the urine. Casts can be made of red or white blood cells, waxy or fatty substances, or protein. The type of cast in the urine can help show what type of kidney disease may be present.
    o Crystals. Healthy people often have only a few crystals in their urine. A large number of crystals, or certain types of crystals, may mean kidney stones are present or there is a problem with how the body is using food (metabolism).
    o Bacteria, yeast cells, or parasites. There are no bacteria, yeast cells, or parasites in urine normally. If these are present, it can mean you have an infection.
    ________________________________________



    Why It Is Done
    A urine test may be done:
    • To check for a disease or infection of the urinary tract. Symptoms of a urine infection may include colored or bad-smelling urine, pain when urinating, hard to urinate, flank pain, blood in the urine (hematuria), or fever.
    • To check the treatment of conditions such as diabetes, kidney stones, a urinary tract infection (UTI), high blood pressure (hypertension), or some kidney or liver diseases.
    • As part of a regular physical examination.
    ________________________________________
    How To Prepare
    Do not eat foods that can color the urine, such as blackberries, beets, and rhubarb, before the test. Do not exercise strenuously before the test.
    Tell your health professional if you are menstruating or close to starting your menstrual period. Your health professional may want to wait to do the test.
    Your health professional may ask you to stop taking certain medicines that color the urine. These include vitamin B, phenazopyridine (Pyridium), rifampin, and phenytoin (Dilantin). Be sure to tell your health professional if you are taking diuretics, which may affect the test results.
    Talk to your health professional about any concerns you have regarding the need for the test, its risks, how it will be done, or what the results will mean. To help you understand the importance of this test, fill out the medical test information form (What is a PDF document?).
    ________________________________________
    How It Is Done
    A routine urine test can be done in your health professional's office, clinic, or lab. You may also be asked to collect a urine sample at home and bring it with you to the office or lab for testing.
    Clean-catch midstream one-time urine collection
    • Wash your hands to make sure they are clean before collecting the urine.
    • If the collection cup has a lid, remove it carefully and set it down with the inner surface up. Do not touch the inside of the cup with your fingers.
    • Clean the area around your genitals.
    o A man should retract the foreskin, if present, and clean the head of his penis with medicated towelettes or swabs.
    o A woman should spread open the genital folds of skin with one hand. Then use her other hand to clean the area around the urethra with medicated towelettes or swabs. She should wipe the area from front to back so bacteria from the anus is not wiped across the urethra.
    • Begin urinating into the toilet or urinal. A woman should hold apart the genital folds of skin while she urinates.
    • After the urine has flowed for several seconds, place the collection cup into the urine stream and collect about 2 fl oz (59 mL) of this “midstream” urine without stopping your flow of urine.
    • Do not touch the rim of the cup to your genital area. Do not get toilet paper, pubic hair, stool (feces), menstrual blood, or anything else in the urine sample.
    • Finish urinating into the toilet or urinal.
    • Carefully replace and tighten the lid on the cup then return it to the lab. If you are collecting the urine at home and cannot get it to the lab in an hour, refrigerate it.
    Double-voided urine sample collection
    This method collects the urine your body is making right now.
    • Urinate into the toilet or urinal. Do not collect any of this urine.
    • Drink a large glass of water and wait about 30 to 40 minutes.
    • Then get a urine sample. Follow the instructions above for collecting a clean-catch urine sample.
    Return the urine sample to the lab. If you are collecting the urine at home and cannot get it to the lab in an hour, refrigerate it.

    Results
    A urine test checks different components of urine, a waste product made by the kidneys. Normal results may vary from lab to lab.
    Urine test results
    Color Normal: Pale to dark yellow
    Abnormal: Many foods and medicines can affect the color of the urine. Urine with no color may be caused by long-term kidney disease or uncontrolled diabetes. Dark yellow urine can be caused by dehydration. Red urine can be caused by blood in the urine.
    Clarity Normal: Clear
    Abnormal: Cloudy urine can be caused by pus (white blood cells), blood (red blood cells), sperm, bacteria, yeast, crystals, mucus, or a parasite infection, such as trichomoniasis.

    Odor Normal: Slightly "nutty" odor
    Abnormal: Some foods (such as asparagus), vitamins, and antibiotics (such as penicillin) can cause urine to have a different odor. A sweet, fruity odor may be caused by uncontrolled diabetes. A urinary tract infection (UTI) can cause a bad odor. Urine that smells like maple syrup can mean maple syrup urine disease, when the body cannot break down certain amino acids.

    Specific gravity Normal: 1.005–1.030
    Abnormal: A very high specific gravity means very concentrated urine, which may be caused by not drinking enough fluid, loss of too much fluid (excessive vomiting, sweating, or diarrhea), or substances (such as sugar or protein) in the urine. Very low specific gravity means dilute urine, which may be caused by drinking too much fluid, severe kidney disease, or the use of diuretics.

    pH Normal: 4.6–8.0
    Abnormal: Some foods (such as citrus fruit and dairy products) and medicines (such as antacids) can affect urine pH. A high (alkaline) pH can be caused by severe vomiting, a kidney disease, some urinary tract infections, and asthma. A low (acidic) pH may be caused by severe lung disease (emphysema), uncontrolled diabetes, aspirin overdose, severe diarrhea, dehydration, starvation, drinking too much alcohol, or drinking antifreeze (ethylene glycol).
    Protein Normal: None
    Abnormal: Protein in the urine may mean kidney damage, an infection, cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or glomerulonephritis is present.
    Protein in the urine may also mean heart failure, leukemia, poison (lead or mercury poisoning), or a high blood pressure during pregnancy (preeclampsia) is present.
    Glucose Normal: None
    Abnormal: Intravenous (IV) fluids can cause glucose to be in the urine. Too much glucose in the urine may be caused by uncontrolled diabetes, an adrenal gland problem, liver damage, brain injury, certain types of poisoning, and some types of kidney diseases. Healthy pregnant women can have glucose in their urine which is normal during pregnancy.
    Ketones Normal: None
    Abnormal: Ketones in the urine can mean uncontrolled diabetes, a very low-carbohydrate diet, starvation or eating disorders (such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia), alcoholism, or poisoning from drinking rubbing alcohol (isopropanol). Ketones are often found in the urine when a person does not eat (fasts) for 18 hours or longer. This may occur when a person is sick and cannot eat or vomits for several days. Low levels of ketones are sometimes found in the urine of healthy pregnant women.
    Microscopic analysis Normal: Very few or no red or white blood cells or casts are seen. No bacteria, yeast cells, or parasites are present. A few crystals are normally seen.
    Abnormal: Red blood cells in the urine may be caused by kidney or bladder injury, kidney stones, a urinary tract infection (UTI), inflammation of the kidneys (glomerulonephritis), a kidney or bladder tumor, or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). White blood cells (pus) in the urine may be caused by a urinary tract infection, bladder tumor, inflammation of the kidneys, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or inflammation in the vagina or under the foreskin of the penis.
    Depending on the type, casts can mean inflammation or damage to the tiny tubes in the kidneys, poor blood supply to the kidneys, metal poisoning (such as lead or mercury), heart failure, or a bacterial infection.
    Large amounts of crystals, or certain types of crystals, can mean kidney stones, damaged kidneys, or problems with metabolism. Some medicines and some types of urinary tract infections can also increase the number of crystals in urine.
    Bacteria in the urine mean a urinary tract infection (UTI). Yeast cells or parasites (such as the parasite that causes trichomoniasis) can mean an infection of the urinary tract.
    ________________________________________
    What Affects the Test
    Reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include:
    • If you are having your menstrual period.
    • Taking medicines, such as diuretics, erythromycin, trimethoprim (Trimpex), or high doses of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) taken with an antibiotic, such as tetracycline.
    • Having an X-ray test with contrast material in the past 3 days.
    • Not getting urine sample to lab in 1 hour.
    ________________________________________
    What To Think About
    • Some urine tests can be done using a home test kit. For more information, see the medical test Ketones or Home Test for Urinary Tract Infections.
    • In some cases, the amount of urine you make in 24 hours may be measured. Most adults make about 1 qt (1 L) to 2 qt (2 L) per day. Children make about 0.3 qt (0.3 L) to 1.6 qt (1.5 L) per day.
    • Other substances that may be checked during a urine test include:
    o Bilirubin. This is a substance formed by the breakdown of red blood cells. It is passed from the body in stool. Bilirubin is not found in urine. If it is present, it often means the liver is damaged or that the flow of bile from the gallbladder is blocked. For more information, see the medical test Bilirubin.
    o Urobilinogen. This is a substance formed by the breakdown of bilirubin. It is also passed from the body in stool. Only small amounts of urobilinogen are found in urine. Urobilinogen in urine can be a sign of liver disease (cirrhosis, hepatitis) that the flow of bile from the gallbladder is blocked.
    o Bence Jones protein. This is an abnormal protein found in the urine of about 50% of people with a rare type of cancer called multiple myeloma. A urine test is often done when multiple myeloma is suspected. The protein test done during a regular urine test does not check for Bence Jones protein.
    • Collecting a urine sample from a small child or baby is done by using a special plastic bag with tape around its opening. The bag is placed around the child's genitals until he or she urinates. Then you carefully removed the bag. To collect a urine sample from a very sick baby, a health professional may use a urinary catheter through the urethra or a needle through the baby's belly directly into the bladder (suprapubic tap).
    • To lower the chance of contaminating the urine sample with bacteria, a health professional may collect a urine sample by using a urinary catheter. A catheter may be used to collect urine from a person in the hospital who is very ill or who cannot give a clean-catch sample. Using a catheter allows a clean sample to be collected.
    • If an abnormal result is found during a urine test, more tests may be done, such as a urine culture, X-ray of the kidneys (intravenous pyelogram [IVP]), or cystoscopy. For more information, see the medical tests Urine Culture, Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP), and Cystoscopy.
    ________________________________________
    References
    Other Works Consulted
    • Pagana KD, Pagana TJ (2006). Mosby’s Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests, 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby.















  • #2
    موضوع جميل ومفيد جزاك الله خير
    Prof. Dr /MHZ

    تعليق


    • #3
      عاشت ايدك كلش عجبني بس ياريت لوشارح بعد مفصل عن اشكال الcrystal&epithelhal &pus cell &RBC بتفاصيت اكثر مع صور الها-عالعموم استفاديت هواية تعيش

      تعليق


      • #4
        عاشت ايدك كلش عجبني بس ياريت لوشارح بعد مفصل عن اشكال الcrystal&epithelhal &pus cell &RBC بتفاصيت اكثر مع صور الها-عالعموم استفاديت هواية تعيش

        تعليق


        • #5
          medical

          i need to medical laboratory technology book please
          and if you have a copy of your book in above
          please send me this copy
          thank you
          Dr. Taghreid KhederMohammed

          تعليق


          • #6
            طريقة تحليل البول


            الخواص الطبيعية للبول Physical Properties
            تشتمل الخواص الطبيعيةعلى:-

            1- اللون Colour
            2- الحجم Volume
            3 - التفاعل Reaction
            4 - الرائحة Odour
            5 - المظهر Aspect
            6 - الكثافة النوعية Specific Gravity
            7 - الرواسب Deposit &Sedimet

            أولا اللون : Colour
            اللون الطبيعى للبول ( الأصفر الكهرمانى) urochrome Urobili pighent &
            *** سبب تغير لون البول
            1-يتغير لون البول الى اللون الأحمر لوجود دم فى البول أو هيموجلوبين وذلك بسبب / البلهاريسيا/ وجود حصوات/قرحة المثانة/التهابات المثانة والحالب و الكلىالحادة/ تناول بعض الأدوية
            2- يتغير اللون الى (عديم اللون) بسبب زيادة حجم البول مما يؤدى الى تخفيف صبغات البول فى حالات:
            مرض السكر Diabetes Mliutus
            3- يتغير لون البول الى البنىالغامق ( لون الشاى) فى حالات الصفراء بسسب زيادة كمية صبغات الصفراء0
            4- يتغير لون البول الى الابيض فى بعض حالات اختلاط البول بالسائل الليمفاوى0
            ثانيا الحجم: Volume
            حجم البول الطبيعى يتراوح مابين لتر الى لترو نصف فى الأشخاص البالغين0
            لاحظ *** يزدا د حجم البول فى الحالات الأتية :

            1- تناول عقاقير مدرة للبول
            2- مرض البول السكرى
            3- نقص هرمون الفص الخلفى للغدة النخامية
            4- بعض أمراض الكلى

            *** ينقص حجم البول فى الحالات اللآتية:
            1-القىء و الأسهال وحالات العرق الشديد و الحميات
            2- فترات الصيام وبعض أمراض الكلى
            ثالثا التفاعل : Reaction
            تفاعل البول الطبيعى حامضى ph=6
            ونظرا لأن البول يعكس حالة التمثيل العذائى فى الجسم فإن التفاعل يتغير الى القلوى فى بعض الأحيان كماأنه يكون أكثر حامضية تصل الىph=5 أو أقل
            ملحوظة *** ph الدم ( 7.2)
            رابعا الرائحة: Odour
            الرئحة الطبيعية للبول هى الرائحة الأروماتية
            يحدث تغير للرائحة فى بعض الحالات:
            مرضى السكر المرتفع الغير مسيطرعليه (تظهر رائحة التفلح الفاسدأو الأسيتون فى البول)
            بعض أمراض الجهز البولى (تظهر رائحة كريهة نتيجة نشاط بعض أنواع البكتيريا فى البول أثناء وجودة فىالمثانة )
            خامسا المظهر: Aspect
            المظهر الطبيعى للبول (رائق) Clear
            ويكون البول ((turbid عكـر للأسباب اللآتية :
            إذا ترك البول فترة طويلة فإنه يتحول بفعل البكتيريا الى عكر
            ترسبات أملاح اليورات والفوسفات
            وجود بعض الخلايا فى البول (الصديد/الدم)
            سـادسـا الكثافة النوعية: Specific Gravity
            الكثافة النوعية الطبيعية تتراوح بين (1015- 1025) تقاس بجهاز يسمى Urino Metarويتم حسابها عند درجة حرارة 15مئوية
            *** تزيد الكثافة النوعية فى الحالات الآتية:

            - نقص إدرار البول حيث يكون البول مركز وبالتالى تزيد الكثافةالنوعية لأنها تعتمد على نسبة المواد الصلبة فى البول

            *** تقل الكثافة النوعيةفى الحالات اللآتية:

            - مرض البول السكرى حيث يزيد حجم البول فتقل تركيز المواد الصلبة0

            *** ملحوظة / تثبت الكثافة النوعية فى حالات الفشل الكلوى1010 ( لأن الكلى تكون غير قادرة على الاستخلاص )

            سـا بعـا الرولسب:
            حينما يترك البول لفترة طويلة فإن بعض المركبات قد تترسب فى العبوة منها:
            الأملاح /الصديد /الخلايا البشرية /كرات الدم الحمراء/ الإسطوانات الكلوية / بعض بويضات الطفيليات وهذا يؤثرعلى اللون و المظهر للعينة وفى الغالب تكون العينة غير طبيعية ( أما فى الحالات الطبيعية فلا يتكون اى راسب Deposit )
            لمكونات الغير طبيعية فى البول

            يحتوى البول علىمكونات مختلفة منها ما يكون موجود بصورة طبيعية(مركبات نيتروجينية) مثل/حمض البوليك /البولينا/الكرياتينين/بعض الأملاح والأحماض الناتجة من عمليات التمثيل الغذائى وبعض الصبغات بكمية محدودة0

            *** المركبات الغير طبيعية فى البول مثل:
            ا لزلال - السكر - الدم - الأجسام الكيتونية - أملاح الصفراء - زيادة صبعات الصفراء

            أولا الزلال : Albumin
            أسباب وجود الزلال فى البول :-
            *** أسباب فسيولوجية مثل

            - عقب المجهود العضلى العنيف
            - حـالات الحمل
            - الوقوف لفترات طويله
            - بعد تناول وجبات غنية بالبروتين

            *** أسباب باثولوجية مثل
            ## ما قبل الكلى (pre-renal)
            - حـالات هبوط القلب وبعض الامراض الاخرى
            - حالات أمرض الكلى مثل مرض Nephrotic Syndrome و الفشل الكلوى المزمن والحاد
            ## ما بعد الكلى ((post renal
            مثل حالات إلتهابات مجرى البول المختلفة
            ملحوظة : كمية الزلال فى البول قليلة جدا لا يمكن الكشف عنها بالطرق الكيما ئية العادية غالبا مايكون وجود الزلال مؤشر على أمراض الجهاز الإخراجى
            إذا وجد الزلال فى البول لابد من التأكد من وظيفة الكلى وذلك بعمل الإختبارات الخاصة بها , وغالبا ما يكون ظهور الزلال فى البول مصحوبا بوجود مكونات أخرى مثل الإسطوانات الكلية
            ثانيا السكر: Glucose
            البول الطبيعى لا يحتوى على اى نسبة من السكر ولكن يمكن أن يظهر السكر فى البول
            (لأسبا ب فسيولوجية) مثل تناول وجبات غنية بالكربوهيدرات , الإنفعالات الشديدة و الصدمات النفسية, الأشهر الأولى من الحمل0
            (لأسبـا ب مرضيـة ) مثل مرض البول السـكرى ( Diabetes Mliutu s)
            ثالثا الأجسام الكيتونية :Ketones bodies
            تتكون فى حالات مرض السكرالشديد الغير مسيطر عليه ,الصيام لفترات طويلة ,الأكثار من تناول الدهون والإقلال من تناول الكربوهيدرات0
            أمثلة : Acetone /Aceto Acitic Acid
            **س : ما هى المواد البديلة التى تستخدمها الخلية فى عدم وجود سكـر الجلوكوزداخل الخلية بسسب نقص الأنسولين؟
            ج : من الدهون ينتج التمثيل الغذائى للأحماض الدهنية التى يستخدمها الجسـم كبديل إ ضطرارى وينتج عنها الأجسام الكيتونية وهذه المواد لها خطورتها على حموضة (ph) الدم
            لاحظ ***
            مرض السكر(غير المعالج) نقص أنسولين---> عدم دخول الجلوكوز داخل الخلية---> لا تتكون طاقة من الجلوكوز
            تكون طاقة بديلة من(أحماض دهنية & بروتينات) تؤدى الـىزيادة نسبة الأجسـام الكيتونية فى الخلايا ثم فى الدم يؤدى الى تغير(Ph)الدم ل يتم إخراج الأجسام الكيتونية عن طريق البول والجهاز التنفسى (تكون للمريض رائحة مميزة)0
            رابعـا الـدم : Blood
            *** أسـباب و جود الدم فى البول :-
            - تناول بعض العقاقير التى تؤدى الى زيادة سيولة الدم
            - أمراض الكلى والجهاز البولى وإلتهاب الحالب و المثانة
            - قرحة المثانة / إستخدام المناظير/سرطان الجهاز البولى
            - الحصوات الكلوية / بلهاريسيا المجارى البولية النشطة
            خامسـا أملاح الصفراء:Bile Salts
            تصنع أملاح الصفراء من الكوليستيرول بواسطة خلايا الكبد
            فوائد أملاح الصفراء :-
            1- هضم وإمتصاص الدهون / تسـاعد على إمتصاص الفيتامينات الذائبة فىالدهون /ِA/D/E/K
            مسـار أملاح الصفراء :-
            تصنع فى الكبد ثم إلى القناة الكبدية العامة ثم إلى القناة المرارية ثم تخزن فى الحويصلة المرارية لحين الوجبات وبعد وصول الطعام الى الإثنى عشرتصب كميات منها على الطعام لإتمام عملية الهضم 0
            س: كيف يتم هضم الدهون بواسطة أملاح الصفراء ؟
            ج : يتم تحويل الدهون الموجودة فى الوجبة الغذائية إلى ما يسمى المستحلب الدهنى بعد تعرضها لكميات من الأحماض وأملاح الصفراء حيث تتكسر الدهون و بالتالى تتخللها الإنزيمات ( Lipase) الذى يفرز بواسطة الأمعاء الدقيقةو البنكرياس وغيرها حيث يحول (Lipase) الدهون من الثلاثية الى ثلاث أحماض وجلسرول وهى التى تكون الدهون الثلاثية ثم تمتص هذه الدهون بعد عمليات كيمائية أخرى
            سادسا صبغات الصفراء :-Bile pigments
            توجد فى البول بكميا ت قليلة ( Urobilinogen-)
            سوف يعرض هذا بالتفصيل فى اختبارات الكبد و الصفراء فى الدم

            thaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaank you

            تعليق


            • #7
              شكرا بارك الله فيك على الموضوع

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              • #8
                مرحبا شباب،،،
                تعليقات لطيفة يجري، وأنا الاعتماد استمتعت به.
                في المساعدة على خلق للجميع
                شكرا
                actualtests 70-648
                actualtests 642-642
                actualtests 642-467
                actualtests 1z0-052

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                • #9
                  مشكوووووور
                  وفقك الله

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                  • #10
                    شكرا جزيلا



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                    • #11
                      شكرا جزيلا

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                      • #12
                        روعة وبارك الله فيك يااخي الكريم

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                        • #13
                          شكرا على المعلومه الجميله

                          تعليق

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