Following are some of the actions typically taken as a result of a semen analysis outcome:
Azoospermia:
Azoospermia:
Refers to a complete absence of sperm in an ejaculate. If unexpected, a fructose test is performed to rule out congenital absence of the vas deferens and/or the seminal vesicles (see Male Reproductive Process) since fructose is a normal component of semen produced by the seminal vesicles. If there is no fructose in the ejaculate, then there is something either missing or blocking that may be preventing the exit of sperm from the spermatic cord. If fructose is present in an azoospermic ejaculate, then we can be pretty sure that there are no anatomical defects of the sperm delivery system and that the cause of the azoospermia lies elsewhere. Men with unknown azoospermia are often referred to a urologist for further studies which may include hormone testing and/or testicular biopsy. Use of anonymous donor sperm is a commonly recommended treatment for men with azoospermia (see Sperm Donors under Intrauterine Insemination for more information on the use of donor sperm
). Oligospermia:
[LEFT]Describes an ejaculate with an abnormally low number of sperm present. There is often no clear explanation as to why some patients have oligospermia, but factors may include hormone imbalance, past testicular disease or surgery, or any one of the theorized possibilities mentioned at the beginning of this section. Because there are no clinically proven methods to increase one’s sperm count substantially, oligospermic men have little hope of impregnating their partner through conventional means. Your doctor may recommend an SPA, HOS Test, or SMP to test the function of the sperm. The results of these tests may determine the treatment options available. Depending on the severity of the oligospermia, IUI and/or freezing multiple specimens for eventual thaw and “pooling”may be viable options for the less severe cases, while IVF with or without ICSI may be appropriate for the more severe cases. Asthenospermia: Describes sperm which show poor movement, i.e. speed and forward progression. Again, there is usually no clear explanation for this abnormality, either, assuming the specimen was collected properly and was not exposed to any harmful environmental conditions. Asthenospermic men also have little hope of conceiving naturally, as the sperm are unlikely to reach their ultimate destination moving at such a sluggish pace. Again, tests of sperm function may be ordered by your doctor. There are some chemicals (pentoxyfylline and deoxyadenosine) which have been shown to improve sperm movement when added to IUI-prepared specimens, but have yet to become routinely accepted. Sometimes the simple process of removing the sperm from the semen to a biological medium as done in standard IUI preparation is enough to improve sperm speed and progression. In many cases, however, asthenospermia indicates the need for IVF/ICSI.
Teratozoospermia: Describes specimens containing a high percentage of abnormally shaped sperm, also called poor morphology. Although it is common to have 50-60% of sperm with some type of head or tail defect, teratozoospermic men have significantly more. And sperm with abnormal morphology are more likely to be dysfunctional when it comes to fertilizing an egg. Thus, again, your doctor may wish to test the functional nature of the sperm using the SPA, HOS, or SMP tests. Results of these tests may indicate the need for IUI or IVF/ICSI.[SIZE="4"][COLOR="Red"]
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