Zygomycosis is the broadest term to refer to an infection caused by fungi of the zygomycota phylum. Zygomycosis can refer to mucormycosis] (after Mucorales), phycomycosis (after Phycomycetes) and basidiobolomycosis (after Basidiobolus), rare yet serious and potentially life-threatening fungal infections, usually affecting the face or oropharyngeal cavity. Zygomycosis is often caused by common fungi which can be found in soil and decaying vegetation. While most individuals are exposed to the fungi on a regular basis those with immune disorders are more prone to an infection.] As such, it usually infects those who are immunocompromised.
The condition may affect the gastrointestinal tract or the skin. It usually begins in the nose and paranasal sinuses and is one of the most rapidly spreading fungal infections in humans.] Common symptoms include thrombosis and tissue necrosis. Treatment consists of prompt and intensive antifungal drug therapy and surgery to remove the infected tissue. The prognosis varies vastly depending upon an individual patient's circumstances.
Causes

Pathogenic Zygomycosis is caused by species in two orders: Mucorales and Entomophthorales, with the former causing far more disease than the latter. These diseases are known as "mucormycosis" and "entomophthoramycosis", respectively

The nature of immunity to fungal infection is discussed predominantly for mammals. T-cell-mediated immunity seems essential for recovery both from cutaneous and mucosal infections (Candida, and dermatophytes) and from infections of systemic fungal pathogens ( , , , and ). Often chronic progressive disease caused by these fungi is associated with a depression or absence of T-cell-mediated immunity to antigens of the infecting fungus. In contrast recovery from disease, or absence of clinical disease after exposure to these fungi, is associated with the presence of strong T-cell-mediated immune responses to the fungus. The activation of macrophages and the stimulation of epidermal growth and keratinization are the processes induced by T-cell-mediated immunity which result in the resolution of systemic or cutaneous and mucosal disease. Other cell types, for example NK cells and PMNs (polymorphonuclear leucocytes), may be important in these diseases in reducing the effective amount of inoculum to which an animal is exposed and thereby reducing the likelihood of disseminated disease.
Invasive opportunistic fungi (Candida, Aspergillus, and Mucorales) are resisted by PMNs which attach to the hyphae or pseudohyphae and damage them via an extracellular mechanism. Other host cell types may be important in natural resistance, fungal spores being handled by the macrophages which, under conditions when animals are not immunosuppressed, are likely to be an effective first line of defense.
Subcutaneous pathogens and miscellaneous other fungal diseases are discussed from a point of view of host immunity and immunodiagnosis.

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Sun, Q. N., L. K. Najvar, R. Bocanegra, D. Loebenberg, and J. R. Graybill. 2002. In vivo activity of posaconazole against Mucor spp. in an immunosuppressed-mouse model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46:2310-2312

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